90 H. G. Baverfy— Tibbat three hundred and sixty-jive years ago. [No. 2, 
inclination downwards, but not much. On this account Tibbat is ex¬ 
cessively cold, in such wise, that in most places, with tbe exception of 
barley and turnips, nothing else is cultivated. The barley, too, is sucli 
as is for the most part grown and ripened in the short space of forty 
days, if at first, the cold of a long winter does not prevent the seed 
coming up soon. In most places in Tibbat grass continues green for 
two months ; and in some places therein, although the summer season 
is nominally forty days, it is after such a fashion, that, after midnight, 
the rivers and streams freeze; and throughout Tibbat the keenness of 
of the air is so great, that no tree, indeed not even grass, attains any 
height: all is stunted in growth. 
“ The inhabitants of Tibbat are separated into two divisions. One 
is called Bol-Pd , that is to say, dwellers in villages or hamlets, and the 
other canbah , that is sahrd-nishm or nomads; and they pay obedience to 
one or other of the governments or provinces of Tibbat. These nomad 
people have Some astonishing customs, such as are not followed by other 
races of people. The first is, that they devour flesh and all other food 
in a raw state, and have no custom of cooking whatever. 1 Secondly, 
in place of corn, they give their horses flesh; and thirdly, all their 
burdens, baggage, utensils, and the like, they put on the backs of sheep, 
each of which carries a load of about twelve legal manns . 2 The sheep 
have saddle bags, crupper, and breastplate, fitted and fastened on to 
them, and they load them with as much as they can possibly carry. 
They never take oft these loads except out of necessity [from the 
beginning to the end of a journey] ; and winter and summer the load is 
kept fastened upon their backs. 
range — stretching from the Pa-mlr portion of the great range he has described, for 
several degrees farther eastwards, and passing Lob Nawar on the south. Indeed, 
the middle route from Yar-kand by Khutan to Khitae in those days skirted the 
northern slopes of that very range; and the Cingiz Khan returning from the 
neighbourhood of Peshawar by Bamlan and Buqlan into Mawara-un-Nahr and 
Turkistan, moved against Tingqut by this same route. See Tabaqdt-i-Ndsin, note 
to page 981. 
The Fanakati, in his history, says, with reference to the excessive elevation of 
Tibbat and its mountains, that the following line of the poet, Firdausi, is applicable 
to them, for from them 
“ Of the fish [which supports the world] thou seest the belly, and of the moon 
the back.” 
1 Grneber also says : “ The people of Barantola are very slovenly, for that 
neither men, nor women, wear shirts, or lie in beds, but sleep on the ground : 
That they eat their meat raw, and never wash their hands or faces,” etc. 
2 The mann is a small one, and varies, it is said, in Tibbat, from 21bs. to 61bs. 
Hamilton says, in his account of Bengal and its trade with Tibbat, that the load for 
a sheep is from 12 to 20 lbs. 
