1895.] H. G. Raverty —Tibbat three hundred and sixty-jive years ago. 119 
ing it for eight months, Kamran Mirza arrived with an army from 
Labor, defeated Sara Mirza, and relieved the place. 
I propose shortly to give the other valuable geographical details 
contained in Mirza Muhammad Haidar’s work, respecting Turkistan 
and Mughalistan, and other matters. In case any one hereafter should 
avail himself of any of the information contained in this paper, it is to 
be hoped that it will be acknowledged. 
The following brief account of the western part of Tibbat is from 
the observations of the Mir, ‘Abdu-l-karim, son of Mir Isma‘il, of 
Bukhara, who was there in 1224 H. (1809 A.D.). He had gone the 
preceding year, in company with the Mirza, Muhammad Yusuf, from 
Bukhara, on a mission to Constantinople by way of Moscow. From his 
account we can gain some idea of the state of western Tibbat about the 
same time that the Hon’ble Mount-Stuart Elphinstone was at Peshawar 
on his mission to Shah Sbuja‘u-l-mulk, the Sad5zi ruler of the Af gh an 
State. ‘Abdu-l-karim states, that: — 
“ There are seven Tibbats, three of which are subject to Kash-mir, 
and the other four are independent, and have a Raja, that is to say, 
a Ruler, of their own. The most of the people of the Tibbats are 
followers of the faith of the Qalmaq [Qal-I-maq], Mani, and some are 
Majics [Magians], Corn and provisions are scarce, and many of the 
people are very poor. Barley meal and flour of millet are obtainable. 
They give a daughter to ten husbands; and, if any one should take one 
of the people away and make a Musalman of him, there is no hindrance. 
One Tibbat — Tihbat-i-Kalan [or Great Tibbat]—is parallel with Kash¬ 
mir for fifteen stages. When a party of merchants make a purchase 
of shdls , they make up three or five parcels or packages into a bale or 
bundle, and as many bundles as there may be, they make over to the 
charge of Kash-miri porters hired for the purpose, who convey them on 
their shoulders, and reach Tibbat in fifteen days. As the route is 
difficult and mountainous, horses and mules cannot pass that way, and 
porters are hired upon all occasions. If a merchant so desires, he hires 
two men, who have small pads fastened to their shoulders; and he 
mounts the shoulders of one of them. The man takes hold of one foot 
of the merchant on one side, in front, and the other foot is towards the 
porter’s back; and in this manner he goes along with ease and comfort. 
The other porter takes his turn to relieve the first, and in this manner 
they proceed on their way. * * * * Horses can go into Great 
Tibbat, and merchants avail themselves of them, and ride horses in 
going by that route. 
“When a Karwdn ( vul . “ caravan ”) proceeds from Tibbat towards 
Yar-kand, which is a territory belonging to Khitae, they have to pro- 
