252 F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Cedi, Matsya , and Karusa . [No. 3, 
the south end of the Ganges and Jumna Doab with its capital at Kau- 
^ambi, the modern Kosam (Arch. Surv. Repts., I. pp. 301—310), is 
not clear, for Vatsa is definitely mentioned in ibid., 1084. So also the 
double mention of the Matsyas in the list of Indian peoples in the 
Bhisma-p. (ix. 347 and 348) appears to be a mistake, and here there 
can be little doubt that the name in the first of these verses should be 
Yatsa (or Yatsya, as the people were also called), for otherwise the 
Yatsas are not mentioned in the list at all. 
The capital of Matsya was Upa-plavya or Upa-plava (Qalya-p., 
xxxvi. 1973-6). From there to Hastina-pura was less than two days’ 
journey by chariot, for Krsna in going from there to see Dhrta-rastra, 
started one day, reached a village Yrka-sthala at evening, and went 
on to Hastina-pura next day (Udyoga-p., lxxxiii. 3010-17; lxxxv. 
3040 ; and Ixxxviii. 3101). 
Now there are a few indications given in the Rarnayana regarding 
the speed at which people could travel by chariot in ancient times. 
Thus, the messengers who were despatched from Ayodhya express to 
the Kekaya capital Giri-vraja in the Panjab, to inform Bharata of his 
father Da 9 a-ratha’s death, accomplished the journey in just seven days 
(Aydclh.-k., lxx. 2-19) ; and Bharata in hastening back by a different 
route spent seven nights on the way so that he completed the distance 
within eight days (Id., lxxiii. 2—17). Cunningham has identified Giri- 
vraja with the modern Jalalpur on the Jhelam (Arch. Surv. Repts., 
II. pp. 14, 173-177), but it is not essential to the present purpose 
whether this identification is perfectly correct or not, for it is quite 
certain that the Kaikeya or Kekaya country and Giri-vraja occupied 
more or less nearly the position which he has assigned them. The 
distance from there to Ayodhya is about 650 miles in a direct line, 
and may be taken to have been about 700 by road. The messengers 
then travelled at about 100 miles per day, and Bharata at about 90. 
Again, when Janaka king of Videha, sent messengers to Ayodhya to invite 
Da^a-ratlia to Mithila, they travelled in carriages driven fast and 
reached Ayodhya on the fourth day (Adi-k,, lxx. 1). This distance 
is about 200 miles, and the day’s journey would have been about 50 or 
60 miles: this slower rate may be explained by the very reasonable 
supposition that the roads to the east were not so good as those through 
Madhya-de^a. 
Upa-plavya therefore was probably not more than about 150 miles 
from Hastina-pura, and this distance would make Upa-plavya fall some¬ 
where in the neighbourhood of Alwar or Bairat. Cunningham says 
Bairat represents the ancient capital Yairata, but I have met no passage 
in (he Maha-bliarata which calls Upa-plavya by that name, and it does 
