1895.] F. E. Pargiter— Ancient Cedi, Matsya , and Karusa. 255 
portant river westward the Vetra-vati (Betwa) is assigned to the 
Paripatra watershed. Presumably then the Qukti-ma.ti must be east 
of the Da^arna, and the only noteworthy river in that direction which 
breaks through the hills is the Ken. I have not been able to discover 
any Sanskrit name for the Ken. Lassen gives its ancient name as 
Kfiyana (Ind. Alt., Map), and Cunningham says Ken or Kayan is a 
corruption of Karna-vatl (Arch. Surv. Repts., II. p. 446, and 
XXI. p. 156); but I have not met with either of these names any 
where else, nor are they mentioned in Prof. Sir M. Monier-Williams’ 
Dictionary. Now the Ken is too large and important a river to have 
escaped being* noticed and named, especially when its western-most 
tributary was called the Vipat^a (Bias). Putting these facts together 
then, it seems to me the Ken must be the pukti-matl. It breaks 
through the hills between Panna and Bijawar in a way that suits the 
legend, and it flows through the country, which on quite different 
reasoning has been identified as Cedi. The results of these two entirely 
independent lines of argument certainly corroborate each other, and the 
reasons for accepting this identification, to which I have been led solely in 
the course of working out the foregoing data, appear to be very strong. 
Mount Kolahala then would be the hills between Panna and Bija¬ 
war ; it is not a single hill, for that would hardly suit the legend, and 
moreover the Sanskrit words parvata, giri, &c., often denote a cluster or 
group or chain of hills, while gihhara, gryga, &c., are more properly the 
terms for a single hill or peak. 
The capital Qukti-matl then must have been situated on the Ken 
after it breaks through the hills, but its exact site can only be discover¬ 
ed by careful local inquiry and the aid of large maps. It may, however, 
be placed provisionally in the neighbourhood of Banda, for that would 
be about the most suitable position for a capital with regard to the con¬ 
figuration of the country. 
We may next consider the position of Karusa. The word is also 
written Karusa, Karusa, and Karusaka. The Karusas constituted a 
powerful nation under king Danta-vakra in the Pandavas’ time (Sablia- 
p., xiii. 575-7; and Hari-v., xci. 4963), and the royal line was a 
famous one (Adi-p., lxvii. 2700) ; yet they seem to have consisted 
of several tribps, for Karusa “ kings ” are spoken of (Udyoga-p., iii. 81). 
The Karusas Tvere not looked upon as closely allied to the nations around 
them, for their origin is carried in the Hari-varru^a directly back to 
an eponymous ancestor Karusa, a son of Manu Vaivasvata (x. 614 ; 
and xi. 658b 
The position of Karusa is indicated by the following allusions. 
It is linked with Cedi and Matsya as already mentioned : with Kf^i 
