1895.] Trevor Bomford— Language spoken in the Western Panjab . 317 
10. Past Tense . 
I beat. 
a, This is the Past Participle in agreement with the Nominative, 
while the person who did the beating is in the Agent. 
b, —Or sometimes the person beaten is in the Dative, and the Nomi¬ 
native is to be found in the act expressed by the verb itself. 
Examples— 
(a) ‘ Badshah apnl naukar maria,’ The king beat his servant. 
Lit., by the king his servant was beaten. 
* Badshah top marl,’ The king fired the cannon. 
Lit., by the king the cannon fired was. 
4 Badshah naukarfc mare,’ The king beat the servants. 
4 Badshah topi marii,’ The king fired the cannons. 
(b) 4 Badshah uktl maria,’ The king beat him. 
Lit., by the king to him beating was done. 
Examples— 
4 Vazir arz kit!,’ The Yazir made a request. 
4 Un ghora bhajaya,’ He made the horse run. 
When used with personal pronouns these may either be expressed as, 
4 Jadan uh topi dithl,’ When he saw the hat; or they are attached 
as suffixes, as— 
1st 
2nd 
pers. 
55 
sing. 
99 
• marium 
f marei 
( or maroi 
I beat. 
thou didst beat. 
3rd 
>9 
59 
marius 
he beat. 
1st 
99 
plur. 
mariose 
we beat. 
2nd 
•5 
55 
mariove 
you beat. 
3rd 
Examples— 
99 
55 
mariohe 
they beat. 
1st person singular— 
4 Kam dasayam,’ I related the matter. 
4 Kitab ca ghidhiam,’ I took up the book. 
2nd person singular— 
4 Faqlr da sowal maniei,’ Hast thou granted the faqir’s request ? 
4 Sabh kujh kitoi,’ Hast thou done everything ? 
3rd person singular— 
4 Faida na kitus,’ He got no advantage. 
4 Eh galh kitius,’ He said this word. 
N. B. Here in 4 kitius ’ we have a trace of the feminine 
4 kiti ’ agreeing with 4 galh.’ 
J. i. 41 
