318 Trevor Bomford — Language spoken in the Western Panjab . [No. 4, 
1st plural. ‘ Salah kitose,’ We took advice. 
2nd plural ‘ Kiya saza ditove,’ What punishment have you given. 
3rd plural— 
‘ Tamasha dithohe,’ They saw the tamasha. 
‘Meda yar parniBlii,’ They married my lover (to some one else). 
In all these cases the pronoun is in the agent, viz .— 
Kitab ca ghidhiam = tlie book taken up by me. 
Salah kitose = advice made was by us. 
11. Perfect. 
I have beaten. 
The Perfect is formed out of the Past Participle (in agreement 
with the Nominative) with the Present tense of the Verb Substantive, 
as— 
‘ Badshah apna naukar maria he,’ the king has beaten his 
servant. 
‘ Badshah topii maria hin,’ the king has fired the cannons. 
In this case too the person beaten may be in the dative as— 
‘ Badshah apn§ naukar ktl maria he,’ lit., by the king to his 
servant a beating has been. 
When the agent is a pronoun this is either expressed, as— 
‘ Mai kitab dithl he,’ I have seen the book, 
or mai kitab kil ditha he ;— 
or the pronoun is attached to the root of the Present of the 
• Verb Substantive and this added after the Participle. 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
The participle should agree with Nominative as— 
‘ Farmaish puri kar ditti his,’ He has fully kept the command. 
‘ Sare darya chan mare liisse,’ We have dragged all the rivers. 
Here, as in all these tenses, the pronoun is in the agent. 
This obsolete form of the present of the Verb Substantive is com¬ 
pounded of a root “he ” and the pronominal suffixes, 1 thus— 
hei = he i is by thee 
his = he s is by him, &c. 
I The pronoun may represent a dative and not the agent as ‘ bukar his,’ fever 
is to him, &c. 
person sing, maria him, I have beaten. 
maria hei, thou hast beaten, 
maria his, he has beaten, 
plur. maria liisse, we have beaten. 
maria hivve, you have beaten, 
maria hinhe, they have beaten. 
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