1895.] Trevor Boinford— Language spoken in the Western Punjab. 321 
time, it must be said that the passive is dying out and in its stead a 
compound is being used as in other Indian dialects. 
The passive is formed ; 1 
1. In the Infinitive, the Particles, and the Conditional by adding 
the syllable ‘ Ij ’ to the root, and then adding the tense endings to this 
root, the vowel of which, if long, is shortened ; as — 
mar-an to beat mar-Ij-an to be beaten, 
mar§5 I may beat mar-1 j-S I may be beaten. 
In Sindhi ijanu and in Gujarati avu, is added to the root to form 
the Passive Infinitive. 
2. In the Present Participle and Future by substituting a lighter 
vowel, for that which connects the root with the special endings, as — 
mar-en-da. beating mar-in-da being beaten 
mar-e-s § I will beat mar-i-sS I will be beaten. 
Note. — Objectors to a passive say that there is such a slight differ¬ 
ence between the forms maresfi and marisa, that only a very quick ear 
can detect it, and that when written there would be no difference what¬ 
ever, unless the vowel marks are added. 
This is true, but the same objection holds to Arabic passives, where 
q t 1 may be qatala he killed, or qutila he is killed, and yet gram¬ 
marians recognise such forms as constituting a real passive. 
That the passive is dying out will be clear to any one who studies 
Mr. O’ Brien’s Glossary of the Multan language, for in it he only gives 
passive forms to 6 out of the 209 verbs he mentions. His book, how¬ 
ever, is not a dictionary but only a glossary intended to illustrate the 
proverbs he collected. 
1 . 
Infinitive. 
to be beaten. 
jxsipo marijan. 
other examples in common use are — 
patijan, to be rooted out. dakljan, to be divided, 
lorijan, to be wanted. manijan, to be appeased, 
pakarijan, to be caught. &c., &c. 
2. Conjunctive Particles . 
being beaten. 
marij marlj karahl marijke. 
This particular form of the passive verb is perhaps more commonly 
found than any other, e. g .,— 
‘ Bhanij pia,’ It became broken. 
‘ Beri bharij karahe buddan lagi,’ The boat being filled began to sink. 
1 See Addenda. 
