324 Trevor Bomford — Language spoken in the Western Punjab. [No. 4, 
Further Notes on the Participles. 
1. The Present Participles . 
The rule is, 
(a) intransitive verbs add ‘ da ’ to the root; 
(b) transitive verbs add ‘enda’ to the root; 
(c) but all roots ending in a vowel whether transitive or in- 
transitive add £ nda ’ ; 
as a-wan a-nda 
coming. 
cha-wan che-nda 
lifting. 
pi-wan pi-nda 
drinking. 
kha-wan kha-nda 
eating. 
Exceptions may be found — 
rakhan to place makes rakhda or rakhenda. 
dekhan to see makes deklida or dehda. 
aparan to catch makes apar-enda or apar-da. 
Example of rakhan ; — When used transitively it adds enda; — 
as, ‘ Kitab ky§. mez ute rakhende ho ?’ 
Why are you putting the book on the table ? 
When used intransitively (or with abstract nouns) it adds da;— 
as, Ma! ummed rakhda,’ I hope. 
The insertion of a negative sometimes, too, makes a difference. 
Ex. ‘Yuhan de sliagird roza rakhde, par tede shagird roza nahi 
rakhende.’ 
John’s disciples fast, but thy disciples fast not. 
A compound of the present participle is also used as in Urdu. 
Ex. ‘ Khuda dl tarif karende hue bole,’ They spake praising God. 
* Jai ghar banrendg hul aira ghatia/ Who, building a house, laid 
the foundation. 
‘ Uhe vende vende rah vie hai,* And going along they were in the 
road. 
‘ Chatende velhe,’ Sowing time. 
2. Past Participles. 
In dealing with the Transitive Verb, w arid has been given as the 
Past Participle. This is perhaps the commonest form, and agrees with 
that of Urdu; but many verbs both in Panjabi and Western Panjabi 
retain the old Sanskrit form of the Past Participle, which was, as in 
Latin, made with ‘ t ’ ; e.g ., as nikattha from niklan, to go out. 
