1895.] Trevor Bomford— Language spoken in the Western Panjab. 329 
Passive.- 
The full form of the addition to the root is ij as in marijan, to he 
beaten. 
i - . 
But it is softened down into two other forms, 
a. by substituting w for j, thus ;— 
marlwan to be beaten. This is common in Shahpur and Bahawul- 
pur, and occasionally is met with in intermediate parts, 
b. by leaving out the j altogether, as ;— 
marian, to be beaten. 
This is the form that Sir R,. F. Burton gives, and it is the form 
adopted by the so-called Active past participle which, as will easily be 
seen from the examples given, is a Passive participle, thus maria, 
beaten. 
In addition to these modifications of the original root we not un¬ 
commonly find. 
c. a root in which a is added between the original root of the verb 
and the ending. This is the same as the Gujarati Passive. 
Thus in the Parable of the Prodigal Son (see Appendix) we have 
twice. 
‘Mai laiq nahi jo teda putr akhawal,’ I am not worthy that I should 
be called thy son. 
The following examples are from Mr. O’Brien’s glossary. 
‘ Yar asade kS. sala diwahe,’ Let a salam be given to my lover. 
‘ Sawan vahae, te Kate rahae, te Poh pilae; ’ Let the ploughing be 
done in Sawan, the sowing in Kate, and the watering in Poh. 
‘ Jat dilasa deve, jal velhe bal vahae,’ The jat gives encouraging 
promises (to the Banya) when the plough is being driven. 
To forms b and c all so-called Precative or Polite Imperatives may 
be referred. They are really passive Potentials, see those on page 314. 
Thus the common word in Urdu, 
‘ Baithie,’ pray sit down, belongs to form b., and here in English we 
have retained the idiom for we say ‘ be seated ’ when we 
wish to be polite. 
‘ Likhie ’ write, is ‘Let it be written.’ 
‘ Kavir na thiwae,’ Don’t be angry, literally, let not anger be made 
to be come. 
‘ Kliuda bhulawe,’ May God not forget, is literally ‘ By God may 
it not be forgotten.’ 
Mr. O’Brien in his glossary gives under the head of cheran, to 
provoke, 
‘ Jangal jat na clierie,’ Do not vex a Jat in the jungle. 
lit. Let not a Jat be vexed in the jungle. 
