1895.] G. A. Grierson — Suffixes in the Kdgmiri Language. 
347 
Prakrit na, v which is the origin of the Ka 9 mlrl n, while from its 
instrumental plural nelii is derived the Western Panjabi ni and the Sindhi 
ne. The other suffixes of the third person must be sought for elsewhere. 
Ka 9 miri s (dat.), W.-Panjabi s, Sindhi se, are derived from the Sanskrit 
asya (not enclitic), through the Prakrit .se. 2 In Prakrit the Genitive per¬ 
forms the functions of the dative. According to the analogy of me and te, 
the Prakrit se was probably an enclitic. Trumpp 3 derives the instru¬ 
mental terminations % and U from the Sindhi ina, ‘ by him,’ and une ‘by 
them.’ This is not impossible. We may however, derive them directly 
from the original Apabhramca forms * avanahi, * avanaliu ; 4 or from the 
Ap. ayalii , ayahu , ‘by these.’ 5 There remain the Ka^miri forms in h, 
and the W.-Panjabi in "hs. The latter must have sprung from a form 
nliB, which I refer to the Prakrit instrumental plural nehz, just quoted. 
The Ka 9 miri h is weakened from "Ind, and, as in the case of the second 
person, it becomes k at the end of a word. 
It will an interesting task, to trace what other Indo-Aryan Verna¬ 
culars preserve traces of this use of Pronominal suffixes. Taking first 
the languages of High Asia in the neighbourhood of Kashmir, the only 
language which uses these forms in the Turk! dialect, Ghalchah. It, 
however, is not Aryan. The languages connected with K^mlrl, viz., 
Shina (of Gilgit), Torwalik (of the Swat Valley), Bushkarik (of the 
Swat and Panjkora Valleys), Chiliss (of Chilas), and Burishki, do not, 
so far as I can find, use them. Burishki, the language of the Hunza 
and Nagar Hills uses Pronominal prefixes, but it is doubtful whether it is 
an Aryan language at all. Turning to India Proper, I have already 
said that not one of the Hravidian languages uses Pronominal suffixes, 
but that Santali uses them with the greatest freedom. Of the Aryan 
languages, they are unknown to all except to those of the East and 
South of India, in which a number of curious phenomena can only be 
explained by the forms in use in Kashmir, Sindh, and the Western 
Panjab, more than a thousand miles away. 
As regards Nouns, we find remains of pronominal suffixes in the 
extreme East India. For instance in Assamese, bap, means ‘father,’ but 
1 my father ’ is bapai, thy father is bdpd, and his father is bdpeJc. These 
are the same suffixes that we have already dealt with, in dealing with 
other languages, and we need not discuss their derivation. 
As regards Verbs, in Ka^rmrl, the Pronominal suffixes are in differ¬ 
ent stages of agglutination, if I may use the expression. Those for the 
first and third persons may or may not be used. If a Ka^mirl wishes to 
say ‘I killed.’ He may say either me mar 11 ‘ by me was killed,’ or be may 
say me morti-m, ‘ by me was-killed-by-me.’ For ‘ they killed,’ he may 
1 H. C. iii, 70, 78. 2 H. C. iii, 81. 3 S. Gr, 345. 
4 Hoernle, Gd., Gr., p. 292. 5 H. C. iv, 365. 
