(t. A. Grierson — Suffixes in fhe Kaemiri Language. 
[No. 4, 
34 8 
say either timau mor u , or moru-k. But for ‘ you killed, 1 lie must say told 
mor u vg, by you was-killed-by-you; ’ He cannot sa jtohimor 11 . While, 
therefore, the suffixes of the first and third persons, are purely agglutina¬ 
tive, those for the second have become terminations inseparable from the 
verb. The verb in this instance in not in the agglutinative, but in the 
new synthetic stage of the language, which is just beginning to 
develope. In Biharl (one of the Eastern Family of languages), a great 
number of verbal terminations end in ai ; and it is a curious fact that 
whenever the near or remote object of the verb is in the second person, 
this ai , in the Maithill dialect especially becomes au. Thus, a 
Tirhutiya says ham ok'rd k§ marliai , ‘ I killed him,’ but ham tolira kS 
marliau ‘I killed you.’ Here the au is evidently an abraded form of this 
North-Western va ; and the phrase means literally, ‘ I you killed-you.’ 
Again a Tirhutiya says, ok'ra gari mo kl mal chat , ‘ in his cart what 
property is there ; ’ but tolira gari mo ki mal chau, ‘in your cart what 
property is-tliere-to-you,’ in which chau , corresponds to the Kaymiri 
chu-va, or to the Western-Panjabi he-ve , or to the Sindhi atha-va , 
‘ there is-to-you,’ ‘ you have.’ 
We may, however, go much further than this. It can be proved 
that the conjugation of the past tense of transitive verbs of the eastern 
languages of India, although now active was originally passive. Thus, 
the Bangali marildm. means ‘I killed, 1 but it must originally have meant 
‘ killed by me, 1 mSrila-am , in which the am is a Pronominal suffix, 
equivalent to the m of the Kaemiri moru-m, and has nothing whatever 
to do with the Sanskrit and Prakrit personal endings with which they 
have been usually connected. This becomes plain when we compare 
the past tense of the cognate Maithill verb. In its simplest form this 
tense is conjugated as follows in the masculine: 
Singular. 
1. mar al- aim 
2. maral-e 
3. mdral-ak 
The corresponding 
Singular. 
1. mdrab-ahu 
2. mdrab-E 
3. mdrat 
Plural. 
maral-i. 
maral-dh (old - aim ). 
mdral- (a)nh\ 1 
forms of the future, are— 
Plural. 
m arab-i.% 
marab-dh. 
mar at-all. 
1 The Maithill verb does not distinguish between Singular and Plural,_only 
between honorific and non-honorific. The above arrangement, therefore, slightly 
differs from that of my Maithill grammar. The Singular and Plural forms have 
been classed according to origin. 
2 This form is not used now-a-days in Maithill, but must have existed. It is 
used in other Bihari dialects. 
