1895.] G. A. Grierson — Suffixes in the Kdgmiri Language. 349 
The terminations of the Conjunctive Present, (Old Present Indica¬ 
tive) which is formed directly from the old Skr.-Pr. Present Indicative, 
without the aid of suffixes are— 
1. maru 1 marl 
2. marai 1 mdrah. 
3. marai 2 mdrath ®. 
Taking these three tenses we note that the Past and Future are 
participial tenses ; i.e ., Participles, with Maithill terminations added 
to them ; while the Old Present (which I shall call Present for short¬ 
ness) is a synthetic tense with the old Skr.-Pr. terminations. 
It is commonly said that the Participial tenses are conjugated by 
taking a participle (marai or mdrab) and appending to it the termina¬ 
tions of the present, but a comparison of the forms given above will 
show that this is not the case. The terminations of the Past and of the 
Future, are not the same as those of the Present, except in the first 
person and second persons plural. 
In the Future, the terminations of the first and second persons are 
pronominal suffixes in the indirect form, added to the future jDassive 
participle ; just as Kacmiri has mbru-m , ‘ killed-by-me,’ for ‘ I killed,’ 
so Maithill has marab-ahu ‘ it is to be killed by me,’ ‘ I shall kill.’ The 
first person singular termination corresponds to the Ap. Pr., amliaha , 
as already explained. The l of the first person Plural may be referred 
to the Pr. Instr. PI. amhe or bhe (H. 0. iii, 110). The & of the second 
singular, occurs in SindhI and has been already discussed. It, also, is an 
oblique form. The termination ah of the second singular necessarily 
refers us to an older form ahu, which is formed from the North- 
Western va, through au , a(h)u. The Future third person is formed 
from the Present Participle active , and therefore, if it takes any termi¬ 
nation, takes the direct form of the pronominal suffixes. As in the 
case of all tenses formed from active participles, its simplest form takes 
no termination in the singular, while in the plural, it, perhaps, takes a 
direct form of the third personal pronoun. We note the same fact in the 
third person of the past of neuter verbs which is similarly formed from 
an active past participle. Thus calal ‘ he went,’ calaldli ‘ they went ’; 
but we never meet it in the case of the past tense of transitive verbs, 
formed from the passive past participle. We cannot say mdral, ‘ he 
killed,’ or mdraldh ‘ they killed.’ With regard to the termination dh y 
the a is written d, and is pronounced something like the d in the 
English word hat. It scans short in poetry, though written long. It 
may be the Sanskrit pronoun of the third person adas , nominative asau , 
1 Obsolete in Maithill. 2 Exists, but rare. 
J. i. 45 
