352 
G. A. Grierson —Radical and Participial tenses 
[No. 4, 
On the Radical and Participial tenses of the modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 
— By G. A. Grierson, Ph.D., C.I.E. 
[Read January, 1896.] 
In a paper which I had the honour of reading before the Society 
at the last meeting, I discussed the question of Pronominal suffixes, 
and their use in the conjugation of verbs in the Ka^mlri Language. 
I also compared Kaqmiri, in this respect, with the two other languages 
of the Indian North-Western family, 'viz., Sindh! and Western Panjabi 
and with the Maithili dialect of Bihari, and with Assamese,—languages 
belonging to the Eastern family. 
In the present paper, I propose to carry this enquiry a step further, 
and to ascertain how far the use of pronominal suffixes has obtained in 
the case of verbs of other Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. 
In my former paper, I showed that these languages should be 
classed in three families, — a North-Western, a Central and an Eastern, 
the last including, as a sub-division, the Southern Marathi with its 
Konkani dialect. I also explained the difference between an analytic, 
an agglutinative, and a synthetic language, and I believe that the result 
of this paper (amongst other things) will be to show, that it may be 
taken as a broad rule, that while the Central Vernaculars prefer an 
Analytic, the North-Western, Eastern and Southern prefer an Agglutina¬ 
tive, or (its further developed form) a Synthetic system of conjugation. 
In all these languages, the tenses of the verb may be divided into 
three groups, viz., (1) the Radical tenges, (2) the Participial, and (3) 
the Periphrastic. The last, as not being necessary for our immediate 
purpose, may be dismissed without further notice, beyond explaining that 
they are compound tenses formed by adding auxiliary verbs to participles 
or to other tenses, as in the Hindi gaya hai , ‘ he has gone,’ formed by 
adding the auxiliary verb hai, ‘ is ’ to the past participle gayd, ‘ gone.’ So 
also the Sindhi halio dhe {halio, ‘ gone,’ + ahe, ‘ is,’) and the Bengali giydche 
(giya, ‘ gone,’+ ache, ‘ is’). Again, the Hindi future is a periphrastic 
tense ; thus jaugd, ‘ I will go,’ lit., ‘ I am gone’ ( ga, auxiliary verb) ‘that 
I may go ’ (jdu, radical tense); and the Wes tern-Panjabi present jdndct, 
