1895.] 
353 
of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 
‘ I am going,’ compounded of the Participle jandd , ‘ going,’ pins the 
auxiliary verb 7id, ‘ I am.’ 
Radical tenses are those which are derived throughout from a 
corresponding Sanskrit-Prakrit tense. That is to say, which are 
actual survivals of the old Sanskrit conjugation. The only Sanskrit- 
Prakrit tenses which have survived are the Present (including the 
Imperative), and the Future. 
The following are the Sanskrit-Prakrit forms of the Present tense, 
the verb taken as an example being the v/ cad, ‘ go.’ 
Sanskrit. 
Prakrit. 
Apabhram^a. 
(Optional.) 
Singular 1 
calami 
calami ( calami ) 
calau. 
„ 2 
calasi 
calasi 
calahi , calai. 
„ 3 
calati 
calai 
c-alahi , calai. 
Plural 1 
calamas 
\ 
calamo ( calimo) 
calahu ( *calihu.) 
2 
calatha 
calaha 
calahu. 
„ 3 
calanti 
calanti 
calahi (* calai.) 
We shall now compare the existing form of the corresponding 
tenses in all the Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. 
CENTRAL FAMILY. 
Eastern 
Panjabi. 
Gujarati. 
RajputanI. 
Hindi 
(Braj.) 
Central 
PaharI. 
Naipali. 
Sing. 
1 
cala * 
calu 
calau 
calau 
calu 
calu. 
5 > 
2 
cal& 
cale 
calai 
calai 
cali 
cale. 
» 
3 
cale 
cale 
calai 
calai 
cal 
cale. 
Plur. 
1 
calie 
calie 
cala 
calai 
calau 
cale. 
5 1 
2 
calo 
calo 
calo 
calau 
cala, 
calau. 
>) 
3 
calan 
cale 
calai 
calai 
calan 
calun. 
In all the above, the tense has in modern times gained a condi¬ 
tional power, and is more commonly used as a Present Subjunctive. 
