1895.] of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 357 
EASTERN FAMILY. 
Eastern Group. 
Baiswari 
(Optional;. 
Bihari 
(Maithili). 
Assamese. 
Bengali. 
OriyV 
• 
Sing. 
1 
caliliau 
5> 
2 
calihahi 
bb 
60 
bC 
bo 
• 
3 
calihahi 
d 
• rH 
a 
• r-H 
a 
•iH 
d 
d 
a 
-4-> 
d 
£ 
£ 
C3 
* 
as 
£ 
Flur. 
1 
calihahi 
2 
calihahu 
• 
3 
calihahi 
In Baiswari (the old language of Tul’si Das is taken as the type) 
a periphrastic form is also used. In the other languages, the Future 
is a Participial Tense. 
Southern Group. 
Both Marathi and Konkani have a Periphrastic Future, and no 
remains of the old Sanskrit-Prakrit tense appear. 
With regard to the Sanskrit-Prakrit Future, therefore, the remarks 
apply which we have made regarding the Present, but in a modified 
form. The tense has survived only in Gujarati, Rajputani, Hindi, 
Western Panjabi, and Baiswari. In these languages it is a Radical 
Tense. In Eastern Panjabi, Central Pahari, Naipali, Sindhi, and 
Marathi (with its Konkani dialect), the Future is a Periphrastic tense, 
and need not concern us further. Ka^miri lias the Future as a Radical 
Tense, but has borrowed the old Sanskrit Present for the purpose. In 
the true Eastern languages, Bihari, Assamese, Bengali and Oriya, the 
Future is a Participial tense, and will require subsequent further 
examination. 
Except the Imperative, which closely resembles the Old Present, 
and need not be specially considered, there are no other Radical tenses 
in the modern Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. 
* 
We now come to the Participial Tenses. A modern Indo-Aryan 
participial tense is not directly derived from any tense in Sanskrit or 
Prakrit. It is simply a modern participle to which the function of a 
J. i. 46 
