1895.] of the Modern Indo- Aryan Ldnguages. 361 
Marathi. 
Konkani. 
Plural 1 
masc. fern. neut. caVl-o 
caVle-au 
„ 2 
masc. fern. neut. caVl-a 
caVle-at 
„ 3 
caVl-e , 
cal'le, 
fern. caVlyd, 
fern, cal'leo , 
neut. cal'lyi 
neut. caVlT 
Most of the above are examples of the simplest kind of Past tense, 
that of a neuter verb, in which the only factor affecting the form of the 
verb is the subject, with which the verb must agree in number 
and person, and sometimes in gender. In fact the form of this tense is 
exactly paralleled by Sanskrit and Prakrit. The Marathi to caVla, is 
exactly paralleled by the Sanskrit sa calitah, Prakrit so calid. This 
idiom, in which the subject of the sentence is also the subject of the 
verb, and agrees with the latter in number, person (and gender), is 
called the Kartari prayoga , or Active construction. 
When, however, the verb is transitive, the Past Participle is a 
passive one, and we have a different set of phenomena. Take the 
transitive root mar, 4 kill.’ In Sanskrit, the Past Participle is rndrita, 
and sa mdritah does not mean ‘ he killed,’ as sa calitah means ‘ he went,’ 
but means 4 he was killed.’ If we wish to use this Past Participle in 
an active sense, for ‘ he killed,’ we must say 4 tena maritah ’ 4 by him 
killed,’ and for’ 4 he killed a man,’ we must say 4 a man (was) killed by 
him,’ in which the object of the sentence becomes the subject of the 
verb, and the subject of the sentence becomes the agent, in the instru¬ 
mental case, after the verb. We have the same in the Indo-Aryan 
Vernaculars. In Hindi wall mdryau does not mean ‘lie killed,’ but 4 he 
was killed.’ For 4 he killed,’ we must say va ne mdryau, 4 by him killed.’ 
So also 4 he killed a man ’ is va ne manus mdryau, 4 by him a man was 
killed.’ So va ne strl marl, 1 is 4 he killed a woman,’ 4 by him a woman 
was killed,’ in which the verb agrees in gender, number and person with 
the object, not with the subject of the sentence. As the Past Participle 
is used passively, this is called Karmani prayoga, or Passive construction. 
There is, however, another way of dealing with a Past Participle 
passive the impersonal method, familiar to those who remember the 
4 actum est de Balbo,’ of our school-boy days. Here the participle is 
l It is not suggested that these examples are idiomatic Hindi. 
