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G. A. Grierson — Radical and Participial tenses [No. 4, 
put in the neuter gender, and the object of the verb is put in the 
dative (a kind of dativus commodi). Thus for ‘lie killed the man,’ 
we may say ‘ by him, with reference to the man (dative), it was killed ’ 
(neuter singular), 1 vd ne mantis had mdryau; or for ‘he killed the 
woman,’ vd ne strl had mdryau ‘ by him, with reference to the woman, 
it was killed ’ (or ‘the act of killing was done).’ This is called the 
Bhave yraydga , or Impersonal construction. All these praydgas are 
met with in the conjugation of the Past tenses of the Indo-Aryan 
Vernaculars, and hence, although it is a twice-told tale, it has to be 
again explained, for the sake of what follows. I now proceed to give 
examples of the Past tense of transitive verbs. 
CENTRAL FAMILY. 
For Eastern Panjabi, Gujarati, Hindi and Central Paliari, the Past 
Participle of transitive verbs is used, either in the Karmani (passive) or 
in the Bhave (impersonal) construction. The forms of the Past Participle 
are those given for the neuter verb. The following is an example taken 
from Hindi, which language possesses no neuter gender. 
(a) Karmani yraydga , — vd ne strl marl , ‘ he killed a woman/ 
literally, ‘ by him (vd ne) a woman (strl) was killed (marl, fern, of 
mdryau, to agree with the feminine noun sti'l)," 1 ab illo mulier interfecta. 
(b) Bhave prayoga, — vd ne strl had mdryau, ‘ he killed the woman,’ 
literally ‘ by him (vd ne), with reference to the woman ( strl had), it was 
killed ( mdryau , used impersonally, in the masculine, as Hindi possesses 
no neuter).’ In unidiomatic Latin this might be represented by ab illo 
de muliere inter/ectum, for ab illo mulier interfecta. 
In Naipali, only the Bhave prayoga occurs. The verb does not 
change for gender. The terminations are the same as‘in the neuter 
verb. An example is hamiharu le heti Idi maryad, ‘ we killed the girl.’ 
Here mdryau is a compound of mdryd, the past participle, ‘ killed,’ and d, 
the instrumental pronominal suffix of the first person plural, which we 
also find in SindhI. Mdryau means ‘ killed (mdryo)-hy-me (tz).’ and the 
whole phrase is literally ‘by (le) us ( hamiharu) with-regard-to (Idi) the 
girl (heti) it-was-killed-by-us (mdryau),' 1 the instrumental pronoun being- 
repeated in the suffix, just as I have in a former essay shown to be the 
case in Ka^mirl. 
NORTH-WESTERN FAMILY. 
Here we at once see a marked difference between transitive and in¬ 
transitive verbs ; owing to the change of suffixes. In intransitive verbs, 
1 In Vernaculars which have no neuter, the masculine singular is of course 
used. 
