1895.] 
of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 
363 
the subject of the sentence is in the nominative case owing 1 to the Kartari 
prayoga , and the suffixes are hence also those of the nominative case. 
On the other hand, in the case of transitive verbs, either the Karmani 
or the Bliave prayoga is adopted, and the subject of the sentence is 
necessarily in the instrumental. Hence the suffixes are also those of 
the instrumental case. 
• 
Sindhi. 
Western Panjabi. 
KlgMlRl. 
Past Participle. 
Mario. 
Maria , or * Mdrio. 
Mor u (Sg. Masc.) 
Singular 1 
mario , or 
mariu-me 
mdriu-m 
mdr u or moru-m 
.. 2 
mario or mdryu-e 
mdr-ei 
moru-t 
„ 3 
mario or maria -1 
mdriu-s 
mor u or moru-n 
Plural 1 
mario or mdrid-sU 
mario-se 
mdr u 
2 
mario or mdry-va 
mario-he 
mor u -va 
CO 
#N 
mario or mdria-U 
mario-lid 
mor u or moru-k . 
In Western Panjabi, according to Mr. Bomford’s Grammar, the 
forms of the verb are not changed according to the object of the sen¬ 
tence. The Bliave prayoga is, therefore, the only one in use in that 
language. In Sindhi and Ka^miri, both the Karmani and Bliave prayoga 
are used. In the first case, the Past Participle must, of course, agree 
with the object of the sentence. Thus, Ka^miri, mor u or mdru-m ‘I struck 
him,’ but mor* or mori-m, ‘I killed them.’ So in Sindhi. 
EASTERN FAMILY. 
\ . 
Eastern G-roup. 
In this group, the Past Participle does not change for gender. In 
these languages, too, the formal distinction between the nominative and 
instrumental cases has disappeared, though the sense that the past 
tense of a transitive verb is really passive still remains. The old 
Prakrit termination of the instrumental case of the subject has been worn 
away, leaving that case in the same form as the nominative. In the 
