364 Gt. A. Grierson— Radical and Participial tenses [No. 4, 
older forms of the language, e.g. in old Baiswari (1630 A.D.), the termi¬ 
nation hi of the instrumental still existed and was used, hut, now-a-days, 
to take Bengali as an example, the hi lias disappeared, and the instru¬ 
mental has been merged in the nominative. Thus for ‘ he killed the 
woman,’ a Bengali says tini stri-ke mdrilen , which means apparently ‘ he 9 
(instead of ‘by him’) ‘ with-regard-to-the-woman it-was-killed-by-him 
(maril-en) ,’ but tini is really an instrumental of which the case termina¬ 
tion hi has been worn away, leaving the instrumental the same in 
form as the nominative. In old Baiswari, the instrumental of this 
pronoun is tinalii. In the Eastern languages even in the case of in¬ 
transitive verbs, the Bhave prayoga is used. In Sanskrit for ‘ he went,’ 
we may say either sa calitah (Kartari ) or tena calitam , ‘it was gone by 
him’ ( Bhave prayoga ). So, in Bengali, calilen means ‘it was gone 
( calil ) by-him ( en ).’ That the suffixes are in the Eastern Group really 
instrumental ( Karmani or Bhave), and not nominative (Kartari prayoga), 
is proved— 
(1 ) By the analogy of other languages. 
(2) By the fact that the Past Participle is both by origin and 
meaning a passive. 
(3) By the fact that in Bihar! there are remains of the dis¬ 
tinction between nominative and instrumental suffixes' still 
surviving, the former being used only with neuter verbs 
{Kartari prayoga), and the latter only with transitive verbs 
(Karmani or Bhave prayoga). 
(4) By the fact that the Perfect tense in Bihar! is clearly in the 
Bhave prayoga. It is formed by adding the third person 
singular of the Present tense of the Verb Substantive, to 
the Past tense. When a Bihar! wishes to say ‘I killed,’ 
he says maral-ahu. That this means ‘ killed-by-me,’ and 
not literally ‘ I killed,’ is proved by the fact that when he 
wishes to say ‘ I have killed,’ he does not say maral-ahu 
chi, ‘ I killed am,’ but maral-ahu acid, ‘ I killed is,’ or 
literally ‘killed-by-me is.’ So for ‘you have killed,’ 
he says mdral-ah acid, ‘ killed-by-you is,’ not mdral-dh 
chdh. It is much as if we were to say in Bengali for ‘ I 
have killed,’ maril-am ache, which form, however, is not 
employed, a different idiom being used. In the Bihar! 
Perfect, this Bhave prayoga is used by Intransitive as 
well as Transitive verbs. We say calal-ahu acid, ‘ gone- 
by-me it is,’ mayd gatam asti, just as we say maral-ahu 
ach\ equivalent to the Sanskrit may a maritam asti . But 
