366 G. A. Grierson— Radical and Participial tenses [No. 4, 
Bihari (Maithili). 
Past Participle. 
Intransitive. 
Transitive. 
Calal. 
Mar al. 
Singular 1 
calal-ahu 
maral-ahu. 
„ 2 
calal-e 
mdral-e. 
„ 3 
calal, fern, calal * 
maral-ah. 
Plural 1 
calal-i 
mdral-i (or maral). 
„ 2 
calal-dh 
maral-ah . 
„ 3 
calal-dh, fern, calal-ih 
maral-anh \ 
The origin of the above terminations has been discussed in my 
previous essay on Ka^mlri Pronominal Suffixes and will be referred to 
again. Suffice it to point out here that the intransitive forms of the third 
persons singular and plural are adjectival participles used in the Kartari 
prayoga , while the terminations of the other persons of the intransitive 
verb and of all the persons of the transitive verb are instrumental ones 
used in the Bhdve prayUga. 
There is one very interesting form in Bengali, the optional form 
of the third person singular in eh, to which I wish to draw attention. 
It also occurs in the Bengali future ( maribe or marib-eh) third person 
singular, which is, as I shall shortly show, also formed from a Passive 
participle, and is built upon the principle of the Bhdve prayoga, 
but does not occur in the Past Conditional, which being formed 
from the Active Present Participle, is built upon the basis of the 
Kartari prayoga. It is now-a-days considered vulgar, but it is a genuine 
termination all the same. It is the pronominal suffix h, of the third 
person, which we have already met in Kg^mM and Maithili. 1 Thus calila 
means ‘ he went,’ but mdril-eh means 4 killed ( mar il ),’ ‘by him (eh).’ 
We cannot say mdrit-ek, because that would mean ‘ killing-by-him,’ 
which would be nonsense for the purpose of the idea to be conveyed. 
It may be added, that the third person singular of the Bengali Impera¬ 
tive also ends in k. Thus, marn-k , ‘ let him kill.’ 
1 See ante pp. 31G and 350. 
