1895 .] 
367 
of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 
Southern Group. 
Marathi and Konkani, in the case of Transitive Verbs, use either the 
Karmani or Bhdve praydga, and do not add pronominal suffixes. lienee 
the Past Participles are merely used in a Passive sense, agreeing in gender 
and number (when in th e Karmani pray og a) with the object of the 
sentence, as already explained. Further examples are therefore un¬ 
necessary. 
The following are examples of tenses based on the Present 
Participle. This participle is an Active one, and hence the Kartarl 
prayoga is used throughout. 
CENTRAL FAMILY. 
Eastern 
Panjabi. 
Gujarati. 
Rajputani. 
Hindi 
(Braj). 
Central 
Pahari. 
Naipali. 
Present 
Participle. 
caVdd 
cdl'td 
cal'td 
cal'tu 
cal'do 
cal ' da 
Singular 1 
» 2 
>■ cal'da 
caVto 
cal'td 
cal'tu 
cal'do 
. „ 3 
J 
* • * 
• 
03 
Plural 1 
i 
o 
Jz? 
„ 2 
1 
\-caVde 
cal'ta 
cal'td 
cal'tu 
cal'dd 
„ 3 
J 
■ 
In Gujarati this tense is a Habitual Past. Its weak form calat is the 
Past Conditional. In Eastern Panjabi, Rajputani, Hindi and Central 
Pahari it usually has a conditional sense. Naipali uses a periphrastic 
form. 
