1895 .] 
of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 
369 
In Baiswari, Bihari and Bengali, this is a Past Conditional. 
In Oriya, it is, usually, a Habitual Past. 
Southern Group. 
Marathi. 
• 
KonkanI. 
Present Participle. 
calat , carta 
* cal'to 
cdl-td 
cdl-to 
Singular 1 
cdl't-o * 1 
cdl't-a, 
cdl't-o 2 3 
„ 2 
cal'to-s 
cdl't-ai 
caV fas 2 3 
cal’to-i 2 
„ 3 
cdF to 
cal'ta 
carta* 
cal'to 2 
% 
Plural 1 
cart-5 
cal't-au 
- 
cal'te-au 2 
„ 2 
cdl't-a 
cal't-at 
cal'te-dt 2 
>> 3 
cdl't-dt 
cal't-at 
cal't-e 2 
cal'te 2 
We now come to tenses formed from the Future Participle. This 
is derived from the Sanskrit Participle in tavya , which is a Passive, not 
an Active Participle. Calitavya means ‘ to be gone,’ and, as a participle, 
can only be used impersonally (Bhave prayogo') in the neuter, calitavyam T 
‘ it is to be gone,’ ‘ one must go,’ eundum est. Maritavyah , means ‘ he is 
to be killed.’ We should hence expect to find that the passive construc¬ 
tion is followed, and this, it will be seen, is the case. 
Participial tenses from the Future Participle have survived only 
in Marathi, Gujarati, and the Eastern Group. In the first two, the 
1 Fern. caVt-e; Neut. eaVt-e, and so throughout. 
2 This tense is used in both as a Present Indicative, and as a Past Conditional. 
When two forma are given for the same person, the first is the Present and the 
second the Past. 
3 Fem. caVt-i, Neut, caVt-e, and so throughout. 
