370 G. A. Grierson— Radical and Participial tenses [No. 4, 
tense is used as a Present Conjunctive, and, in tlie last, as a Simple 
Future. The forms are as follows :— 
CENTRAL FAMILY. 
Gujarati. 
In this language, the Future Participle is used aloue without 
suffixes. 
In the case of intransitive verbs, it is used passively and imper¬ 
sonally, in the neuter gender, for all persons (7 ihdve prayoga) ; e. g., tene 
caVvu , ‘ he must go,’ lit. ‘ by him {tene) it is to be gone ( cdVvu ),’ Sanskrit 
tena calitavyam. 
In the case of transitive verbs, it is used passively, in the Karmani 
prayoga , e. g., tene dikri marvi , ‘ he may ’ or ‘ should kill the girl,’ 
literally ‘ by him (tene) the girl (dikri) is-to-be-killed (marvi, fern, to 
agree with dikri).'' 
EASTERN FAMILY. 
Southern Group. 
Marathi. 
In the case of intransitive verbs, the Bhdve prayoga is followed, as 
in Gujarati, e. g., tya ne cdldve , ‘ he must go,’ lit. ‘ by him ( tijci n§) it- 
is-to-be-gone (cdldve).' A tendency exists, however, to forget the 
passive force of this participle, and thus we sometimes find the Kartari 
prayoga adopted, the participle agreeing in gender and number with the 
subject, e. g., to cdldvd (masc.), ti cdldvl (fem.), te cdldve (neut.), ‘ he, 
she,’ or ‘it, may go.’ Moreover, in this case, the second person singular 
takes the suffix s, and the second person plural, the suffix t. 
In transitive verbs either the Karmani or the Blidve prayoga is 
used, and never the Kartari. Thus, ‘ tya ne mdrdvi ,’ ‘ he may kill her,’ 
lit. ‘ she-may-be killed ( mdrdvi , fem.) by him (tya ne)\ This is the 
Karmani prayoga. The Bhdve prayoga is tya ne mdrav§, ‘ he may kill ’ 
lit., ‘ it-is-to-be-killed (neut.) by him.’ No suffixes are used. 
Eastern Group. 
In this group of languages the Future is conjugated like other par¬ 
ticipial tenses. As in the case of the Past tense, both in transitive 
and in intransitive verbs, the Bhdve prayoga is alone employed, though 
we are not, in this case, able to bring in Bihar! fo our assistance 
in proving it, for in that language the tense is defective. The termin¬ 
ations are nearly the same as those of the Past tense. In the Old 
Baiswari of the Ramayan, the Bhdve prayoga is very clearly used, 
the simple form of the Future Participle masculine (i.e., neuter) 
