1895 .] 
of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages. 
371 
being employed for all persons. This clearly shows bow the modern 
terminations are all late pronominal suffixes tacked on to a neuter Future 
Participle passive used impersonally. Thus the Bengali mdribe, ‘ he 
will kill ’ is to be analysed into the neuter Passive Participle marib , 
‘ it-is-to-be-killed,’ and e ‘ by him.’ 
So also, in the Bengali second person singular, the tense which is 
formed from the active Present Participle,—the Past Conditional,— 
takes the termination is, e. g., mdritis (Kartari prayoga), but the tenses 
formed from passive participles take the termination i, e. g., marili, 
mdribi (Bhave prayoga). It hence follows that is is a direct pronominal 
suffix of the nominative, and i an oblique pronominal suffix of the instru¬ 
mental. Similarly, in Oriya the termination of the first person plural 
is twofold. The direct form is u and the oblique form is u. These 
oblique terminations are also used in the Bhave prayoga with the 
past tenses of neuter verbs, but they are never used with tenses 
formed from the active Present Participle, which unlike the Past 
Participle (which is impersonally passive in the case of intransitive' 
verbs, and personally passive in the case of transitive verbs) is never 
used in a passive construction. 
- - 
Old 
BaiswarI 
(Bhave 
prayoga'). 
Bihari 
(maithili. 
Assamese. 
Bengali. 
Oriya. 
• 
Future 
Participle. 
mdrab. 
mdrab. 
mdriba. 
* marib 
mdriba. 
Singular 1 
m drab 
mdrab-ahu 
Plural form 
used. 
marib-a 
(pron. 
mdribo) 
mdrib-i 
„ 2 
mdrab 
mdrab-e 
mdrib-i 
mdrib-i 
murib-u 
CO 
mdrab 
not used. 
marib-a 
mdrib-e or 
marib-eh 
mdrib-a 
Plural J 
mdrab 
* 
mdrab, 
(other dia¬ 
lects 
mdrab-t) 
mdrim 
Singular 
form used. 
marib-u 
„ 2 
mdrab 
mdrab-ah 
mcirib-a 
marib-d or-e 
mdrib-a 
„ 3 
mdrab 
not used. 
Singular 
form used 
mdrib-en 
mdrib-e 
