382 
M. A. Stein —Topography of the Plr Pantsdl Route. [No. 4, 
the entrance station for those arriving in Ka^mir from Rdjapuri 
(Rajauii), Bhairavagala (Bahramgalla), Pusyananada (Pusiana), or vice 
versa ns the starting place for travellers leaving Kacmit* in that direction. 1 
For the identification of Kramavarta , however, and for the eluci¬ 
dation of the otherwise unknown term ‘ dliakka ’ we have to turn again 
to the glossator A 2 who in his note on v. 39 has explained Kramavarta 
by Kdmelanakotta and dhakka by drayga. 
The word drarjga (or drayga) is used everywhere by Kalhana and 
the later Chroniclers (as I hope to prove fully in the second volume of 
my Rajataraijgini Edition) for the designation of those frontier forts 
or watch-stations which closed in old times all passes leading into the 
Valley. Serving at once the purposes of defence, customs and police 
administration, these fortified posts have survived on most of the routes 
until quite recent days. 2 
1 Compare Rajat. vii. 1348. 1352; viii. 1051. 1266. 1577 sqq.; Qrivara, i. 109 
iii. 433; iv. 531. 589. 611, etc. 
2 Apart from the frontier watch-station discussed above we find mention in Rajat. 
vii. 1596. 1997. 2010 of another drayga , bearing the name of Kdrkdta, which closed 
the Tdshamaiddn route leading to Lohara, the modern Loh a rin. On a tour under¬ 
taken in the autumn of 1892, which led me to the identification of Lohara, I was 
able to trace also the position of this watch-station, as indicated by the old towers 
still found above the village of Drang ( eireiter 74° 36' E. Long., 33°57' N. Lat.). 
Another frontier-post which is mentioned under the designation of drayga in 
Raj at. viii. 2507. 2702, has left its name to a high valley of the Lolab Pargana 
still known as Drang, through which a difficult mountain-path leads to the ancient 
shrine of the goddess Qarada in the Kisangaygd Yalley. See the abstract of my 
paper ‘ Tours archaeological and topographical in and about Kagmirf Academy, Novem¬ 
ber 25, 1893. 
The famous gate in the gorge of the Vitasta below Vardhamiila (Baramfda) which 
already Hiuen Tsiang knew as the western entrance of the kingdom (see Life of 
Hiuen Tsiang, transl. Beal, p. 68), must also have once borne the name of drayga, 
though Kalhana, viii. 413. 451,—as already Alberuni before him (see Professor 
Sachau’s translation, I., p. 207) —mentions it only under the general designation of 
dvdra ‘ gate.’ This is proved by the fact that the ruined old gateway, situated 
on the right river bank just below the town, is known by the people to the present 
day under the name of Drang. Moorcroft does not mention this name which I 
myself have heard used on repeated visits; but he describes the place with his 
usual accuracy : ‘ Below the town the whole space between the river and the 
mountain is closed by a wooden rampart and folding gates. In the time of the 
Afghans a strong guard was posted at this place, and the gateway was kept in good 
repair’ ( Travels , II., p. 280). 
‘ Roads and draygas ’ in general are referred to in the passage Rajat. viii. 1991 
and custom revenue from draygas in verse 258 of the Fourth Chronicle. 
'ihe terms drdygika, drdygin, draygilca which frequently recur as technical 
designations of certain officials in the copper-plate grants of the Valabhi dvnasty 
(comp. Corpus Inscriptionum In die arum , III., p. 169), are in all probability to be 
