384 
M. A. Stein —Topography of the Pir Pantsal Route, [No. 4, 
The above mentioned tour enabled me to identify the position of 
Kramavurta as well as the later site of the guard-station after its 
transfer to Curnpura. The name Kamelanakotta by which the gloss 
of A 2 renders Krarnavarta, lias survived to the present day in the form 
cf Kamelanhot, as the designation of a rocky hillock which occupies, on 
the right side of the valley and just opposite to the towers of Inganarl, 
the angle formed by the uniting streams from the Pir Pantsal and 
RuprI Passes. This hillock which rises with steep and in parts pre¬ 
cipitous slopes to a height of about 200 feet above the bottom of the 
valley, is the last isolated off-slioot of h high mountain-range descending 
from the south-west. Another branch of the same range, runninsr in 
a more northerly direction, we have met with already in the ridge of 
Hash v anj. 
The top of the hillock forms a small plateau about 200 feet long 
and 50 feet broad. At its ends stand two octagonal watch-towers, built 
of massive though coarse masonry and connected by a double stone 
parapet. This little fort, along with other towers of a similar con¬ 
struction found along the route, does not probably, in its present 
form, date back beyond the years immediately preceding the Sikh 
conquest of Ka^mir, when the Pathans endeavoured on successive occa¬ 
sions to hold the pass against the troops of Fatteh Khan and Ranjit 
Singh advancing from Rajauri b Still it is evident that the military 
importance of the position must have been recognized at a far earlier 
period. 
Kdmelanlwt commands completely the paths which lead between 
its foot and the near river beds toward Hast'vavj-Plr Pantsal to the west 
and the Ruprl Pass to the south. The existence of an earlier fortifica¬ 
tion in this locality is attested by the fact that we find the name already 
in the gloss of A 2 with the appended designation ledtta 6 fort, ’ Ka^rnhi 
hot, The form Xdmelan shows the stem Kamel with the addition of the 
Katpniii suffix of the plural genitive (objective), - an «<Jskr. - dndm. 
As Kamel itself may be traced back on the evidence of cases of 
1 Baron Von Hugel who passed the little fort in the antnmn 1835, describes 
correctly its shape and situation ( l. c., i., p. 198), but calls it ‘ the castle of Inganali 
Killah,' 1 evidently confusing its name with that of the towers opposite on the 
northern bank of the Pir Pantsal stream. Moorcroft who followed this route in 
1823, mentions in the same locality two towers named Kamil Koth and states that 
they were erected with other defences by ‘Ata Muhammad Khan, Afghan governor 
of Ka<pnTr, against the invading force of the Afghan Wazir Fatteh Khan (Travels 
ii , p. 295). The encounter in which ‘Ata Muhammad Khan was defeated, was 
fought close to Kamelankot. As this event took place only 11 years before Moor- 
croft’s visit, the information given to the latter as regards the towers, may be 
assumed to have been correct. 
