359 
1895.] L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin —Butterflies of Sumatra. 
true tobacco districts of Deli — Deli being the name generally used as a 
topographical unity for all the three tobacco-yielding sultanates — and 
in consequence, as Imperata arundinacea is not liked by any animal, 
there have disappeared not only all the interesting pachyderms, but 
also all the butterflies whose food-plants are in the forests. Ten or 
twelve years ago, or even six or eight, certain species, for instance the 
different black and brown Euploecis, were to be found commonly every¬ 
where. But then all the forest had not been cut down; now these 
species are never seen, having retired to the well-wooded outer hills 
and mountains, or to the boundaries of the tobacco districts north of 
Langkat, and to the south in Serdang. Only the most common species 
which feed on the Graminece, garden vegetables, cocoa-nut palms and other 
fruit-trees and on ubiquitous plants remain. So it has become neces¬ 
sary to send our collectors far away out of range of tobacco cultivation. 
Regarding the elevations of the different places where our cap¬ 
tures were made, we could generally distinguish four well-separated 
zones :— 
1. The zone of the plains from the sea-board to the elevation of 
Namoe Oekor (266 feet), with the subzone of the beach, situated quite 
close to the mangrove fence of the coast. Laboean and the Saentis 
Estate are localities in this subzone, whereas Mabar (25 feet), Paya 
Bakong (40 feet), Stabat (45 feet), Medan, the capital of the Deli 
district (50 feet), Selesseh (90 feet), and Dr. Martin’s later station 
at Bindjei (100 feet), all belong to this first zone. 
2. The zone of the outer hills, beginning some few miles south 
of Namoe Oekor and extending to Bekantschan, the elevation of this 
district being between 300 and 2,400 feet. Kampong (village) Singlia- 
pura (725 feet), Namoe Tampis and Namoe Blanka (1,050 feet), are 
good localities in this zone, to which may also be added the villages of 
Bohorok and Kepras, situated more to the west in the direction of the 
Gayoe country. 
3. The zone of the higher mountains which begins south of Be¬ 
kantschan, and ends on the margin of the Central Plateau, with the 
frequently-visited valley of the Soengei Batoe (4,125 feet). Between 
Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe there is the Bekantschan pass, leading 
to the Central Plateau, at an elevation of 4,785 feet. 
4. The Central Plateau itself, with no elevation less than 4,000 
feet. The Kampongs of Naman, Beras Tepoe, Soekanaloe, and Atjih 
Djalie more to the south in the direction of lake Toba, were the spots 
where our collectors were most successful. 
Two other good collecting places have to be mentioned. The first 
is Paya Bakong which is situated quite in the centre of tobacco-land. 
