1895.] L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin— Butter-pies of Sumatra. 401 
131. Cethosia hypsina, Felder. 
Snellen as penthesilea and cyane. Grose Smith as hypsea. Hagen 
as cyane. Wallace. The 0. penthesilea of Cramer appears to be a 
distinct species, and occurs in Java. The C. hypsea of Doubleday and 
Hewitson is the Bornean form. G. cyane , Drury, is the Indian form. 
132. Cethosia caroling, Forbes. 
C. carolinae, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885). 
A local race of 0. methypsea , Butler, of the Malay Peninsula. 
133. Cethosia logani, Distant, 
Hagen as logani and biblis. May perhaps be a local race of 
0. biblis , Drury, but in the Malay Peninsula both occur together. It 
may be noted that Dr. Hagen records both in one paper from Sumatra, 
so both may be found there also. G. hypsina and C. logani occur at low 
elevations, the latter even close to the sea—Dr. Martin once found 
many larvae near the Saentis Estate only two miles distant from the 
sea — whereas C. carolinae appears at the elevation of Bindjei, and 
from thence to the Central Plateau, those from high elevations being 
very richly coloured. All species of Cethosia are forest butterflies, 
frequenting both large and small jungle. The always sombre dark 
green forest is often made of a gayer aspect by the presence of these 
numerous, vivid, and gorgeously-coloured butterflies. Their flight re¬ 
sembles that of the Danainse and is slow and sailing. The larvae of 
C. hypsina and G. logani live on Passiflora sp., and eat not only the 
leaves but also the soft shoots of this creeper. The larva of 0. logani 
is yellow with black longitudinal stripes, of C. hypsina of a very 
rich deep scarlet, broken only on the two median segments, which are 
creamy-white. Both larvae have composite spines, they live in 
societies, and are always found in large numbers. On one occasion 
when Dr. Martin was collecting the larvae of G. hypsina on a Passion- 
Flower with red fruit, he noticed the protective position assumed by 
some of the caterpillars which in eating a twig had surrounded it 
entirely, so that this bunch of larvae even at a short distance looked 
like one of the fruits. In breeding a large number of G. hypsina , Dr. 
Martin noticed that the males emerged from the pupae one day earlier 
than the females. None of the Sumatran species of Cethosia are dimor¬ 
phic in the female, and none of them have dark females as have the 
species from India, Ceylon, and Nias. 
134. Terinos atlita, Fabricius. 
Snellen. Grose Smith. Kirby. Hagen as teuthras , var. delianus, 
