436 L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3, 
edge of the broad outer black margin to the forewing on the upperside 
straight and even, ending sharply on the inner margin of the wing at 
some distance from the inner angle, in G. hebe the inner edge of the 
band is much waved, it does not end sharply on the inner margin, and 
it often ends at the anal angle instead of extending along the inner 
margin for some distance as it always does in G. moori. The width of 
the outer black border to the hind wing on the upperside is very vari¬ 
able, but it appears to be usually broader and better defined in C. moori 
than in G. hebe> in which latter species it is sometimes reduced to a double 
series of black spots (as in Butler’s figure) being the remnants of incom¬ 
plete ocelli. The width and extent of the greenish-white areas on the 
underside are excessively variable in the two species, and as far as I can 
judge from my large series of specimens from the Malay Peninsula, 
Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, present no specific characters. Herr Rober 
in Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 290, and vol. xxi, p. 63 (1894-95), has 
been at the pains to define the atkamas , hebe , and jalysus groups of 
Gharaxes , and describes many new species, with which we have to 
deal with C. her act es, Rober, from Borneo (in his first paper), and 
from Borneo and Deli in Sumatra (in his second paper), supposed to 
be a local race of G. moori ; and G. albanus , Rober, from Deli, Sumatra, 
supposed to be a local race of G. hebe. These two species have been 
described from most inadequate material, and are in my opinion ab¬ 
solute synonyms of G. moori and G. hebe respectively. Considering 
the many bad species that have been created in the G. athamas group, 
it is extraordinary that Herr Rober should have evolved a similar 
chaos in the C. hebe group. In the G. athamas group he describes 
from single female examples G. fruhstorferi from South Java, and 
G. phrixus , also from Java, while admitting that he has never seen the 
female of the most common of all the species of the group, G. athamas , 
Drury. In his first paper he puts 0. hebe and G. mooi'i in one group, 
in his second paper he makes two groups of them. In his first paper 
he gives C. hebe from Sumatra, in his second he gives the Sumatran 
form of C. hebe a new specific name, though the species was originally 
described from Sumatra, and names the Javan form of C. hebe — G. java- 
nus. Mr. Eruhstorfer in Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 197 (1895) has de¬ 
scribed still another Gharaxes from North Borneo of the moori group, 
which he has named C. sandakanus. 
The three foregoing species are all much rarer than G. athamas , 
but are quite similar in their habits. G. hebe and G. moori occur at 
lower elevations in the Battak mountains from Selesseh to Bekantschan, 
whereas C. jalysus was mostly captured by the Gayoe collectors in the 
forests west of Langkat leading to their country. We have seen no 
females of either of these species. 
