1895.] L. de Nic 6 ville & Dr. L. Martin —Butterflies of Sumatra. 539 
676. Gangara thyrsis, Fabricius. 
Hagen. Grose Smith. Semper. The giant of the Hesperiidse of 
onr area, and much rarer than E. thrax, Linnaeus, but occurs throughout 
the year in places where Calamus grows, on which the white waxy- 
powdered downy larva feeds. The pupa is hidden in three rolled-up 
leaves, and is fixed by the extremity of the abdomen to a woven tripod 
in such a way that it can move in all directions. As soon as its shelter 
is touched it makes such a loud rattling noise that anyone would be at 
least startled or frightened on first hearing it. Like E. tlirax , the 
butterfly emerges from the pupa late in the afternoon (from 3 to 5 
o’clock P.M.), and flies after sunset. 
677. Paduka lebadea, Hewitson. 
Originally described from Borneo, but found in Ceylon ( subfasciata , 
Moore), the Malay Peninsula ( glandulosa , Distant), the Andaman Isles 
(var. andamanica , Wood-Mason and de Niceville), N.-E. Sumatra, and 
Java. It is very rare in our area, in all the time Dr. Martin was in 
Sumatra he only obtained three specimens near the village of Selesseh 
in March and April. 
678. Kerana armatus, Druce. 
Found only at higher elevations, from Bekantschan to the Central 
Plateau, where it is fairly common and occurs throughout the year. 
679. Kerana gemmifer, Butler. 
Butler. Occurs from Selesseh to Bekantschan rather rarely 
throughout the year. 
680. Kerana diocles, Moore. 
Tagiades maura , Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lep., p. 28, n. 1 (1892). 
Hngen as maurus [sic]. Grose Smith as diocles. Found com¬ 
monly throughout the year from Selesseh to the Central Plateau. Flies 
near villages and houses, on roadsides and open places, never in the 
large forests. 
681. Kerana fulgur, de Niceville. 
K. fulgur , de Niceville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 55, n. 46, pi. i, fig. 6, 
female (1894) ; idem, id., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 383, n. 42, pi. Q, 
fig. 54, male (1895). 
Occurs in Selesseh and in the outer hills rarely throughout the 
year. Dr. Martin and I obtained four pairs only. 
J. ii 68 
