18 
THE MODERN LITERARY HISTORY OF HINDUSTAN. 
He has also borrowed part of his story from that of another Padma- 
wat, the PadmauatJ of Udayana and the RatnaualL He makes his 
hero turn a mendicant devotee in order to gain his beloved, and the 
scene of the burning together of the two queens, though suggested 
by the terrible real tragedy, seems also to bear marks of the somewhat 
similar situation in the Patnavali. 
From the date of the Padmawat the literature of Hindustan 
became, so to speak, crystallised into two grooves. This was due to the 
Yaishnava reformation of Rdmdnand and Ballcibhachar’j. The first 
of these, who has been already mentioned, founded the modern 
worship of Visnu in his incarnation of Pam (Pama), and the other 
the worship of the same god in his incarnation of Krish’n (Krisna). 
From this date all the great poetical works of the country were 
devoted to either one or other of these two incarnations, and Malik 
Muhammad’s work stands out as a conspicuous, and almost solitary, 
example of what the Hindu mind can do when freed from the trammels 
of literary and religious custom. It is true that there are examples 
of didactic, grammatical, and medical works in the long roll of 
authors which follows ; but the fact remains that from the middle of 
the sixteenth century to the present day all that was great and good 
in Hindustani 1 literature was bound by a chain of custom or of 
impulse, or of both, to the ever-recurring themes of Pam and Krish’n. 
Pamanand has already been dealt with, and his only conspicuous 
follower was Tul’sl Das, concerning whom I shall hereafter deal at 
length. Before considering Ballabhdcharj and the great school of Braj 
authors founded by him, it will be convenient to clear the way by 
enumerating two minor writers. 
ADDENDA TO CHAPTEP III. 
32 , the poet Dllh (?). 
B. 1548 A-D. No particulars. 
33 . Narottam Dds, 
the Brahman of Bciri, district Sltd.pur. 
B. 1553 A.D. 
Rag. The author of the Suclclmci 
Charitr’ (Rag.). 
1 I use this word here, as elsewhere, as the adjective corresponding to 
the substantive Hindustan, and not as meaning the so-called Hindustani 
language. 
