J.897,] F. E. Pargiier —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. 
85 
Ancient Countries in Eastern India.—By F. E. Pargiter, Esq., B. A., C. S. 
(With Map II.)* 
[ Read March, 1897. ] 
The countries into which Eastern India was divided in anciejit 
times consisted of four groups, (1) Magadha, Vidgha and the small 
kingdom of Vai^all; (2) Aijga, Varjga, Kaliijga, Pundra and Sulima, 
with Odra and Tama-lipta; (3) Prag-jyotisa and the Kiratas; and (4) 
IJtkala. The last three groups are always recognized in Sanskrit 
writings, and were without doubt based on real ethnological differences ; 
but Magadha and Videha denoted territory rather than races, for these 
countries in their conditions resembled those to their west in Madhya- 
de 9 a, viz., Kosala and Ka^i, and their inhabitants appear, especially in 
Magadha, to have been a mixture of the Aryas with earlier races, as in 
Madhya>deca, the chief difference being that the earlier races do not 
seem to have been so completely subjugated and incorporated by the 
Aryas as in Madhya^d^a. 
I propose in this paper to collect and examine all the passages of 
any importance, that 1 have beeu able to find, bearing on these countries, 
and to determine their position as exactly as possible. In a map illus¬ 
trating the paper on “ Ancient Cedi, Matsya and Karusa ” in this 
Journal, Vol. LXIV, Part T, No. 3, 1895, I have shown nearly all these 
countries in the positions which I proposed in the notes to the Transla¬ 
tion of the Markandeya Purana, cantos lvii and lviii; but on fuller and 
more careful consideration I have been led to modify those views some¬ 
what, especially with regard to Pundra, and would offer the present paper 
as a revised contribution to the ancient geography of Eastern India. 
Most of the passages cited here are taken from that vast store¬ 
house of information, the Maha-Bharata, and therefore in giving the 
references I have dropped the name of the book for the sake of con¬ 
venience and specified the Parvans only. For passages cited from other 
books the references have been given in full, and the Ramayana is 
quoted according to Gorresio’s Edition. 
* It is not free from blemishes; e.g. : for Modagiri read Moddgiri; for Tr-srotas 
read Tri-srotas ; &c. 
J. i. 12 
