94 
F E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. [No. *2, 
These statements seem to represent an intermediate opinion of doctri¬ 
naire speculation, or the dogmatism of a late and ignorant period. 
We may now consider the position of these five countries and their 
extent. 
Anga. 
The position of Agga is well-known and requires only a few 
remarks. It was at all times closely connected with Magadha. The 
kings of Agga and Vagga used to frequent Dirgha-tamas’ or Gautama’s 
dwelling at Giri-vraja (Sabha-p., xx. 802-4; and the passages cited 
above regarding Dirgha-tamas; and Qanti-p., cccxliii. 13183-5). The 
famous king Agga Vrhad-ratha sacrificed on Mt. Visnupada, which 
appears to be a hill at Gaya (fanti-p., xxix. 924-31). Jarasandha king 
of Magadha bestowed the city MalinI, the capital of the Aggas, on 
Karna as a fief (id., v). It adjoined Magadha on the east as appears 
from the description of Bhima’s conquests in the Eastern region, which 
is quoted here as it will serve to elucidate the position of the other 
eastern nations considered in this paper. 
Marching from Magadha, Bhirna conquered Karna (king of Agga) 
in battle and brought him into subjection. Then he vanquished the 
kings who dwelt in the hills. Next he slew a very powerful king in 
battle at Modagiri. Then he conquered Vasudeva, the mighty king of 
Pundra, and the valiant king who dwelt in Kau^ikl-kaccha, both 
powerful heroes, both fierce in prowess. He attacked the king of 
Vagga. Conquering Samudra-sena and king Candra-sena (who appear 
to have been kings of Vagga), and the Tamralipta king and the lord 
of Karvata, he vanquished also the lord of the Suhmas, and those who 
dwell beside the sea, and all the tribes (ffanai) of Mlecchas. Then he 
went to Lauhitya. He made all the kings, who dwell in the marshy tracts 
near the sea (sagardnupa ), pay tribute (Sabha-p., xxix. 1094-1100). 
This description appears unusually clear and natural. Marching 
from the Patna and. Gaya districts Bhirna met and defeated Karna on 
the western limits of Agga, that is, in the west of the Monghyr or 
Mungir district; then turning aside and subduing the petty kings in 
the northern part of Chutia Nagpur, he marched on eastward to 
MSdagiri. Lassen has identified Modagiri with the modern town of 
Monghyr or Mungir; this is extremely probable both from the resem¬ 
blance of the names and from the situation and natural features of 
the town. Modagiri or (nasalized, as so frequently happens in Indian 
vernaculars) Mondagiri might easily be corrupted into Mungir. The 
king of this place would then have been one of Karna’s vassals. 
The capital was called MalinI or Malina at first, and this name 
was superseded by that of Campa bestowed on the city in honour (it 
