98 
F. E. Pargiter—*- Ancient Countries in Eastern Lidia . [No. 2, 
were princes of Yapga. It seems likely that this Samudra-sena is the 
kino- of the same name who was famed as far as the confines of the sea 
O 
(id., lxvii. 2690). No capital appears to he even alluded to. 
Kalinga. 
Kaligga is generally ranked third in this five-fold group of countries, 
but resembled Aijga in being a settled kingdom with a capital, and in 
having a longer history than the rest. 
The fullest and clearest information is given in a passage of the 
Raghu-Yari^a (iv. 38-43) describing Raghu’s conquests. After con¬ 
quering the Yaqgas, Raghu crossed the Kapi^a (or Karabha, according 
to another reading) by bridging it with his elephants, and took the road 
pointed out by the Utkala kings towards Kaliqga. He planted his own 
splendour on the summit of Mount Mahendra as a mah.aut strikes his 
iron hook into the head of an unruly elephant. The Kalipga king with 
an array of elephants attacked him, but Raghu withstanding the storm 
of arrows defeated his foes there (at Mt. Mahendra). His soldiers made 
open spaces for revelry and quaffed fermented cocoa-nut juice out of 
betel-leaves. Observing the rules of fair warfare, he took from the lord 
of Mahendra his glory but not his territory. 
Lassen has identified the R. Kapi^a with the modern Subarna-rekha, 
on the confines of the Midnapur and Balasore districts (Ind. Alt., Map), 
but I venture to suggest that the Kapi^a is the modern Cossye or 
Kansai, which flows a little further north through Midnapur. The 
name Kansai is said to be modified from Kamsavatl, but I do not know 
on what authority, nor have I met with this name anywhere, nor is it 
in the dictionary. Kansai or Kamsai may easily be a corruption of 
Kop^a-vati ; names of this form are not uncommon, e.g., Amara-vati, 
Utpala-vatl. 
This passage shows that Kalixjga lay southward of Yaijga beyond the 
R. Kapi^a, and stretched southward so as to include Mount Mahendra. 
The Mahendra Mountains were one of the seven chief ranges of India, 
and are the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats above the R. Godavari, 
and the hills near Ganjam are still called Mahindra. It is not stated 
that the Kap^a was the northern limit of Kaliqga; rather the above 
passage suggests that Utkala jutted in between this river and Kalipga, 
and that Raghu secured the help and guidance of the Utkala kings in 
order to reach Kaliqga. The northern limit of Kaliijga was approxi¬ 
mately the river Yaitarani, the modern Bytarni; for the Maba-Bharata, 
describing the Pandavas’ pilgrimage to all the tlrthas, says—After 
bathing at the junction of the Ganges and the sea, they travelled along 
the sea-coast towards the Kaliijgas, and reached that people and the 
R. Yaitarani about the same time; its northern bank is spoken of as 
