99 
1897.] F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. 
greatly frequented by f$is (Vana-p., cxiv. 10096-10107). On its bank 
was Viraja-tlrtha, the later Biraja-ksetra, the modern Jajpur (id., 
lxxxv. 8148). 
Kaligga therefore comprised modern Orissa about as far north as 
the modern town Bhadrak in the Balasore district, and the sea-coast 
southward as far as Vizagapatam ; it does not appear to have reached 
as far as the Godavari, because this river is never connected with 
Kaligga in any passage as far as I am aware. Its limits inland are not 
clear. Kaligga as a settled country appears to have consisted properly 
of the plain between the Eastern Ghats and the sea, yet its monarchs 
seem to have exercised a kind of suzerainty over the aboriginal tribes 
which inhabited the hilly tracts far inland, for the Amara-kantaka hills, 
in which the Narmada rises, are said to be in the western part of* 
Kaligga (Kurina Pur., II. xxxix. 9). Lassen places Kaligga along the 
inner side of the Eastern Ghats from the Vizagapatam district south- 
westward as far as the Karnul district. 
The capital is called Raja-pura, which however simply means 
“ capital” (^!anti-p., iv). In the Raghu-Vamga it is placed on the sea- 
coast, and the palace is described as being so near the sea, that the windows 
looked out on the sea, and the deep roar of the waves drowned the bray 
of trumpets (vi. 56). This description can only apply to Kalingapatam, 
and that town was no doubt the capital in Kalidasa’s time. Kalinga¬ 
patam and Chicacole (said to be corrupted from Qri-kakola) are reputed 
to be the two ancient capitals, and the latter is said to be the more 
ancient (Arch. Surv. of S. India, by R. Sewell, I. 2 and 7), but I have 
not met the name (^ri-kakola anywhere, nor is it in the dictionary. 
The people were called Kaligga, Kaligga and Kaliggaka; and 
“ all the Kaliggas ” are spoken of as if they were a numerous people 
(Bhisma-p., xvii. 668; and lxxi. 3132). Their kingdom dates back to 
very early times. Three famous kings are named, Ksema, Agra-tirtha 
and Kuhara (Adi-p., lxvii. 2701), and their princesses married two of 
the early kings of the Lunar dynasty (id., xcv. 3775 and 3780). 
Duryodhana moreover attended a svayam-vara held by a Kaligga 
princess, and carried her off with Karna’s help (Canti-p., iv). Krsna is 
said to have crashed the Kaliggas in a pitched battle at a place called 
Dantakura (Udyoga-p., xlvii. 1883) ; it is not clear wdiere that place 
was, bat it may be noticed that Rama Jamadagnya slew the ksattriyas 
and the haters of the brahmans and Dantakrura (Drona-p., lxx. 
2430-31). 
PUNDRA AND PAUNDRA. 
• « • • 
The Pundras dwelt in the Eastern region as stated in the descrip¬ 
tion of Bhima’s Eastern conquests quoted above, though they are also 
