1897.] F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. 101 
(Drona-p., iv. 122). The Utkalas were in Chutia Nagpur and the Orissa 
Tributary States. The Mekalas were the inhabitants of the Mekala 
hills, the modern Mekal hills, which bound Chattisgarh on the west and 
north. Kaligga has been already defined. Andhra, which is an old 
name of the Telingas and Telugus, comprised the eastern portion of the 
Nizam’s Dominions and the southern portion of the Central Provinces. 
The Paundras therefore were connected with the races situated west and 
south-west of Bengal proper. 
The grouping of the Pundras was markedly different. In the first 
passage cited (Sabha-p., xiii. 584), they are linked with Vaggas and 
Kiratas. Kirata was the general name of all the tribes of Mongolian 
affinity which inhabited the hilly regions from the Panjab to Assam and 
Chittagong, as will be shewn further on. The Pundras are grouped 
with the Aggas and Vaggas in Sabha-p., iv. 119 cited above. There are 
other passages which yield no definite information, such as Adi-p., cxiii. 
4453; Sabha-p., li. 1872-4, and A 9 vamedh.-p., lxxxii. 2435-65; but the 
inference appears to be that the Pundras occupied some intermediate 
position between the Aggas and Vaijgas and the Himalayas. 
From these conclusions we may proceed to consider the description 
of Bhima’s Eastern expedition (Sabha-p., xxix. 1094-1100) which has 
been quoted above in relation to Agga. As already remarked, it appears 
unusually clear and natural. Beyond the Monghyr and Bhagalpur 
districts reigned two kings who are spoken of together in the dual 
number as if closely connected. One is called Vasudeva the mighty 
king of Pundra, but Vasudeva is generally spoken of as the king of 
Paundra, see for instance, besides the passages cited already, Sabha-p., 
xxxiii. 1270, and Hari-V., cxvii. 6580-84, and 6606-8. The other kino- 
is not named, but Kau^iki-kaccha where he reigned means the land 
bordering on the R. Kau^iki, that is on the east side, because Agga lay 
on the west side; and stretching east of that river is a high tract of 
stiff red clay known as the Barind. This agrees with the position which 
has been already indicated for Pundra. Hence it seems unmistakable 
that the joint kings of Pundra and Paundra are meant. Vasudeva was 
properly king of Paundra, but being the chief is spoken of as lord both 
of Pundra and Paundra, and the other would have been king of Pundra 
proper. Beyond these kings lay Vagga, says the passage. 
From all these results it follow's that Paundra must have lain on 
the south side of the Ganges, and Pundra on the north side, between 
Agga and Vagga. Paundra must have comprised the modern districts 
of the Santal Parganas and Birbhum and the north portion of the 
Hazaribagh district; and Pundra the district of Maldah, the portion of 
Purnia east of the R. Kosi, and part of Dinajpur and Rajshahi. 
J. i. 14 
