1897.] F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. 103 
According to tlie passage cited from the Da9a-kumara-carita, Tama' 
lipta or Tamra-lipta was part of the Suhma territory, but Tamra-lipta 
is frequently alluded to as if it were a country by itself, e.g., Adi-p., 
clxxxvi. 6993 ; Sabha-p.,li. 1874; Bliisma-p., ix. 364; Drona-p., lxx. 2436 
and Karna-p., xxii. 863. It would have comprised the modern district 
of Howrah and the eastern part of Midnapur. In fact Tamra-lipta 
appears to occur oftener than Suhma, and this is perhaps because the 
town Tamra-lipta was a famous sea-port, especially during the centuries 
of Buddhist activity. 
Another name, which was equivalent to or was included within 
Tamalipta, is Vela-kula, “the stream-bank,” or better perhaps, “the 
sea-shore.” It is said to be the same as the modern town Birkul, which 
is on the coast in the extreme south of the Midnapur district. 
Udra or Odra. 
• • 
The Udras have been mentioned above in conjunction with the 
Paundras ; otherwise they are, I believe, rarely alluded to in Sanskrit 
writings. They are also called Odras (Sabha-p., 1. 1843), and Audrns 
(Bhisma-p., ix. 365), and they are also presumably the Udliras of 
Bliisma-p., 1. 2084, and the Audras of A 9 vamedh.-p., Ixxxiii. 2476-7. They 
have given their name to modem Orissa, i.e., Odra-de 9 a, and Lassen 
places them in his map more or less conterminous with Orissa, but this 
cannot have been their position, because it lias been shewn that Kaliqga 
comprised all Orissa except the narrow northern part of the Balasore 
district, and because the Udras play a very insignificant part in the 
early accounts of Eastern India, quite incompatible with the supposition 
that they inhabited the fine extensive plain of Orissa ; and also because 
Orissa has not always meant what it denotes now. 
The IJriya or Odiya language is spoken throughout Orissa and the 
Ganjam district, in the northern part of the Vizagapatam district and 
along the south-eastern limits of Chattisgarh (Maltby’s Uriya Grammar, 
Preface)—a peculiarly curved area. A territory of such size and such 
a shape could hardly have been the ancient home of any tribe, much 
less of so small a tribe as the Udras appear to have been. The allusions 
to Kaliijga leave no doubt about its position, and it will be seen that 
the Utkalas, who were more important in old times than the Udras, 
probably occupied the northern part of the Balasore district; hence it 
seems impossible the Udras can have inhabited any part of Orissa. In 
the last century Orissa included the tract of country between the rivers 
Riipnarayan and Subarna-reklia, which flow through the Midnapur 
district (see Bengal Administration Report, 1872-73, p. 40) ; that tract 
is now part of thy Midnapur district and is considered part of Bengal 
proper. 
