104 F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. [No. 2, 
These considerations give, I think, an indication where tlie Udra 
territory was in ancient times. The eastern part of Midnapur be¬ 
longed to Tamalipta and Suhma, hence there remains only the western 
part of that district which no other nation appears to have occupied ; 
and if to this be added the modern district of Manbhum, the eastern 
part of Singlibhum, and perhaps the southern portion of Bankura, a 
well-defined tract is obtained, which no other tribe appears to have 
owned and which bordered on Paundra. I would suggest that this must 
have been Udra in ancient times. 
If this be a reasonable inference, it discloses how an insignificant 
early tribe developed and spread during the confusion which prevailed 
in the dark times of medieval Indian history. I would suggest that the 
Udras must have pushed southward, over-run the whole of Orissa and 
Ganjam, and driven the Kaliggas downward into the Yizagapatam 
district, till their further course was checked by the Dravidian powers 
on the south ; then they must have turned westward and forced their 
way round into the southern portion of Chattisgarh. 
Prag-jyotisa. 
Prag-jy5tisa was a famous kingdom in ancient times and is often 
mentioned in the Maha-Bharata. The references to it are however 
rather perplexing, for in some passages it is styled a Mlecclia kingdom, 
in others a Danava or Asura kingdom, and in others again the allusions 
seem mixed. These passages may be taken in order. 
Prag-jyotisa is placed in the North region (Vana-p., ccliii. 15240-42), 
but was also considered to be in the Eastern region (Markand. Pur., 
lvii. 44). In the account of Arjuna’s conquests it is placed in North 
India and his course is described thus. After conquering all the kings 
who dwelt in £akala-dvipa and in the seven dvipas, Arjuna advanced 
to Prag-jy5tisa. Bhaga-datta was the great king there, and Arjuna 
had a great comflict with him. The Prag-jyotisa king was surrounded 
with Kiratas and Cinas and many other soldiers who dwelt in the 
marshy regions near the sea, and after a battle lasting eight days 
submitted amicably to Arjuna. From there Arjuna marched to the 
North region governed by Kuvera and conquered Antar-giri and Vahir- 
giri and Upa-giri (Sabha-p., xxv. 999-1012). Similarly in the descrip¬ 
tion of Karna’s conquests it is said he conquered Bhaga-datta and 
ascended Himavat (Vana-p., ccliii. 15241). 
The three names Upa-giri, Antar-giri and Vahir-giri in this place 
can only denote different tracts in the Himalayas, viz., the southern 
slopes, the middle valleys and the further region on the north respec¬ 
tively. Bhaga-datta is called ^ailalaya, “ dwelling among the moun¬ 
tains ” (Stri'p., xxiii. 644). It is stated in the foregoing passage and 
