105 
1897.] F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. 
again in Udyoga-p., xviii. 584-5, that his army was composed of Kiratas 
and Cinas. The Kiratas, as will be explained, were the Himalayan 
tribes of .Mongolian affinity, and the Cinas were the Chinese; as they 
formed his army, they were his close neighbours. Hence it is clear 
that Prag-jyotisa lay in the north-east of India and touched the Hima¬ 
layas. 
But as stated in the above passage from Sabha-p., Bhaga-datta 
drew part of his troops also from the people who dwelt in the marshy 
regions near the sea, sagaranupa (see also Karna-p., v. 104-5) ; and 
when he attended Yudhisthira’s raja-suya sacrifice, he was accompanied 
by all the Mlecchas who lived in the marshy regions near the sea 
(Sablia-p., xxxiii. 1268-9). This word can only mean the low alluvial 
tracts and islands east of Vai]ga, around the mouth of the R. Brahma¬ 
putra. That tract was peopled by Mlecchas as mentioned in the de¬ 
scription of Bhima’s Eastern conquests quoted above. It is also stated 
definitely that Bhaga-datta dwelt at the Eastern Ocean (Udyoga-p., 
iii. 74). The Bralima-putra till last century flowed round the south 
side of the Garo hills, and then southward through the districts of 
Maimansingh and Dacca (Major Rennell’s Atlas, 1781). Presumably 
therefore Prag-jyotisa stretched southward along both sides of that 
river as far as the delta, or even perhaps as far as the sea itself. 
Lassen places Prag-jyotisa north of the R. Ldhita or Brahma-putra 
in Bhutan, but this position does not satisfy the conditions already 
mentioned. It is implied in the Raghu-Vam 9 a that Prag-jyotisa lay 
east of that river, for, when Ragliu returning from Himavat crossed 
the river, the Prag-jyotisa king trembled (iv. 81); but I venture to 
think that Kalidasa cannot have been entirely right in this allusion to 
distant geography, because if he is right the whole of North Bengal 
must be assigned to Pundra, there being no other people of note men¬ 
tioned who could have occupied all that territory. Pundra, however, 
hardly plays as important a part in the ancient stories as the possession 
of so rich and extensive a kingdom would have warranted, and Prag- 
jyotisa on the other hand would be relegated to hilly tracts of small 
fertility east of the old course of the Brahma-putra, whereas the 
allusions indicate that Bhaga-datta was a wealthy and powerful 
monarch. But see page 112. 
Bhaga-datta is called a “ warrior-king ” and “ the mighty king of 
the Mlecchas ” (Sabha-p., 1. 1834), and is seldom mentioned wdthout 
some complimentary epithet. He alone of the northern kings is allowed 
to have maintained a long and equal contest with Arjuna (Udyoga-p., 
clxvi. 5805-6). He is dignified with the title “ £iva’s friend,” and 
esteemed “ not inferior to pakra in battle ” (Sabha-p.,„xxv. 1005 and see 
