106 F. E. Pargiter— Ancient Countries in Eastern India. [No. 2, 
Karna-p., v. 104). He is also called specially “ the friend of Panda ” 
{ibid., 1008), and is referred to in terms of respect and kindliness by 
Krsna when addressing Yudhisthira—“ Bhaga-datta is thy father’s aged 
friend; he was noted for his deference to thy father in word and deed, 
and he is mentally bound by affection and devoted to thee like a father ” 
(id., xiii. 579-80). His Cina and Kirata troops glittered as with gold— 
iasya cinaih kirataig ca kahcanair iva sanivrtani babliau balam —unless 
the allusion be to their yellow complexions (Udy5ga-p., xviii. 584-5). 
For these reasons it seems that Prag-jyotisa must have comprised 
the country along both sides of the Bralima-putra from the Himalayas 
down to Tippera, that is the modern districts of Jalpaigori, Cooch 
Beliar, Goalpara, Rangpur, Bogra, Maimansingh, Dacca, Tippera, and 
part of Pabna and also probably part of the east of Nepal. Strictly 
speaking, the southern portion of Prag-jyotisa as thus defined would 
have fallen within the Eastern region and would have included Lauhitya 
mentioned in the description of Bliima’s conquests there quoted above, 
that is, the country beside the R. Lohita or Brahma-putra; but if 
Lauhitya was only a portion of the Prag-jyotisa realm, and the strength 
of that realm lay, as it appears it did, in the north, it was natural to 
treat Prag-jyotisa as situated in the Northern region. 
The region assigned to Prag-jyotisa bordered on forests and hills 
where elephants still abound, and where a hardy race of ponies still 
exists; and the allusions to it notice this. Thus Bhaga-datta is de¬ 
scribed as “ the best wielder of the elephant-liook ” among the kings 
assembled on the Pauravas’ side in the Great War, and as “ skilful with 
the chariot ” (Udyoga-p., clxvi. 5804) ; and it would seem from this 
that in ancient days kings did not consider it unbecoming to excel in 
the manege of elephants. He gave as presents to Yudhisthira “ horses of 
noble breed, swift as the wind, an iron vessel, and swords with fine 
ivory hilts” (Sabha-p., 1. 1885-6). The description of the horses is, of 
course, exaggerated according to our ideas, for the best horses in ancient 
India could not well have exceeded what we should call galloways, and 
the majority of them could not have been more than ponies. 
No name is given to the capital in this class of passages but it is 
called Prag-jyotisa in the other classes. The people were Mlecchas as 
indicated in some of the foregoing quotations; and this word, no 
doubt means here people of Mongolian affinity. 
The second and third classes of passages occur, I believe, only in 
connexion with Krsna and relate to an attack which he is said to have 
made on Prag-jyotisa. In the second class may be quoted first a part of 
Krsna’s denunciation of (J^u-pala—“ Ci 9 u-pala, knowing that we had 
gone to the Prag-jyotisa city, set fire to Dvaraka” (Sabha-p. ? xlvii. 
