J 07 
1897.] F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in 'Eastern India. 
1567). This almost belongs to the first class, but the idea is developed 
in a speech by Arjuna in praise of Krsna—“ Thou didst destroy Mura’s 
fetters (maurava para ) and slay Nisunda and Naraka; thou didst 
render the path to the Prag-jyotisa city safe again ” (Yana-p., xii. 488). 
Here we see the country Prag-jyotisa described in the first class of 
passages disappears and becomes a city, Krsna becomes a hero and con¬ 
queror, and the suggestion comes in that the people were demons. 
This suggestion is fully developed in the third class of passages, 
and the laudation of Krsna grows fulsome and hyperbolical as address¬ 
ed to a divine personage. Thus Arjuna praising him says—There was 
a very strong fortress-city called Prag-jy5tisa belonging to the Asuras; 
and Bhauma Naraka carried off Aditi’s two jewelled ear-rings there; 
the gods could not cope with him, and therefore invoked Krsna’s help 
to slay the Dasyus; Krsna severed six thousand fetters (para), slew 
Bhauma Naraka and Mura, and recovered the ear-rings (Udy5ga-p., 
xlvii. 1887-92). Yisnu prophesying about his incarnations says—- 
While dwelling at Dvaraka as Krsna, I shall slay Naraka Bhauma, 
who did wrong to Aditi, and also Maru and Pitha the Danava, and 
destroy the charming Prag-jyotisa city filled with all kinds of wealth 
(fanti-p., cccxli. 12954-6). Yidura says — Naraka and the Danavas 
tried to seize Krsna, when he went to Prag-jyotisa, and failed (Udyoga-p., 
cxxix. 4408-9J. 
This class of allusions occurs especially in the Hari-Yamca. It 
is said there — Krsna went to the Prag-jyotisa city and killed the 
Danava Naraka in the sea, samudra-madhye (clxxiv. 9790). Narada 
speaking of Krsna’s exploits says — The two Danavas Maya and Tara 
delighted in Bhauma Naraka’s city Prag-jyotisa (lv. 3116-7). It is 
said Naraka Bhauma, king of the Danavas, seized Tvastr’s daughter 
Ka^eru; he was king of Prag-jyotisa; he made a fine city Mani- 
parvata for the Gandharva maidens and Apsarases, whom he carried off, 
upon the Alaka towards his own country of Muru — Alakdydm muroh 
sva-visayam prati ( cxxi. 6791-6801). The Alaka seems to be the river 
Alaka-nanda, one of the eastern sources of the Ganges, but Muru 
seems to be generally the name of a Danava prince. The climax of 
marvel is perhaps reached in the continuation of that story in Hari-Y., 
cxxi to cxxiii, where Kisna’s exploits are described at great length — 
how at Indra’s request he rode on Garuda from Dvaraka to the Prag- 
jyotisa city, how he fought in a superhuman battle with Naraka’s four 
wardens (dvdra-pdla), with the hosts of Daityas, Danavas and Kaksasas 
and finally with Naraka, and slew them all, how he captured the city 
with its fabulous riches, and how the Earth gave up Aditi’s ear-rings 
which Naraka had carried off. It was through this great victory that 
Krsna gained his wonderful bow farqga (Udyoga-p., clvib 5353-8). 
