108 F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in 'Eastern India. [No. 2, 
To the same class of passages belongs the allusion in a doubtful 
verse of the Ramayana, where Prag-jyotisa is mistakenly placed in the 
Western region—“A city made of gold called Prag-jyotisa is there ; in it 
dwells the evil-souled Danava called Naraka ” (Gorresio’s Edition, 
Annotations to Kisk-k., xliii). 
The difference which has taken place in the aspect of Prag-jyotisa 
from the first to the last of these passages is most striking. We have 
no longer a prosperous Mleccha kingdom of barbaric splendour, but a 
nation of Asuras and Danavas; no longer the noble and imposing figure 
of the warrior-king Bhaga-datta, the ally and friend of the Kurus, and 
the friend of (Jiva, but malignant demon-kings Naraka and Muru, who 
were the foes of the gods and with whom the divine hero Krsna could 
have nothing but internecine war. There can be, no doubt, that this 
change marks very clearly the development of the Krsna legend, from 
his rise as a new chieftain of great vigour and capacity to his deifica¬ 
tion as an incarnation of Visnu. 
There is only one other passage of importance that I am aware of, 
viz., Ramay., Adi-k., xxxv. 1-9, which has been quoted above in con¬ 
nexion with Magadha. It says Prag-jyotisa was founded by Amurta- 
rajas, a son of a great king Ku^a, who was apparently an Arya king in 
Madhya-de 9 a. It does not agree with any allusion that I have found, 
and can hardly be reconciled with any of the passages already 
discussed. 
A few words may be added about Kama-rupa, which is the modern 
district of Kamrup or Gauliati in Assam. The Kama-rupas were not 
an ancient nation, for their name does not occur, as far as I am aware, 
in the Maha-Bharata or Ramayana or any early Sanskrit work ; in fact 
they are rarely mentioned. They seem therefore to have sprung up 
only in medieval times, and to have developed as Prag-jyotisa had 
dwindled into a small state. Thus they are mentioned in the Raghu- 
Vari^a (iv. 83-84), where it is said Raghu conquered them after the 
Prag-jyotisas, so that they were distinct from the latter. In ancient 
times their territory was probably included within Prag-jyotisa. 
The Kiratas. 
The word Kirata is, no doubt, the same as the modern names Kirati 
and Kiranti, which mean “ a native of the Kirant-des or mountainous 
country lying between the Dud-Kosi and the Karki rivers in Nepal. 
The term includes the Khambu, Limbu and Yakha tribes; and the 
Danuar, Hayu and Thami also claim to be Kiranti; ” but their claim 
is disputed by the first three tribes which are superior (Risley’s Castes 
and Tribes of Bengal, I. 490). But formerly they had a much larger 
