Ill 
1897.] F. E. Pargiter —Ancient Countries in Eastern India. 
The character of the four groups of nations may be summed up 
thus. Magadha, Videha and Yai^ali seem to have been the outposts 
of Aryan conquest and colonization. Aqga, Vapga, Kaligga, Pundra 
and Suhma with Tamalipta and Odra were kindred nations, which 
were not of Aryan stock and were not subjugated by the Aryas, but 
passed under Aryan influences and became Aryanized. Prag-jyotisa 
was a nation of Mongolian extraction. Utkala was a congeries of 
Kolarian tribes occupying the hilly tracts where they are still 
found. 
I venture to suggest that we have here the results of the immigra¬ 
tion of four different races. 
The Utkalas, being so-called aboriginal tribes, must of course have 
come into this region first; and their position among hills also suggests 
the same inference. They must have been driven into the hills by later 
invaders. 
Next probably came the Aqgas and their kindred nations. It seems 
most probable that they entered India from the Bay of Bengal, for 
their condition does not agree with the theory, that they were in the 
Ganges plain before and were driven eastward by the advancing Aryas. 
What happened in North America illustrates what we should expect to 
find, when one race invades and conquers others and takes possession of 
their territory on a large scale. As the pale-faces multiplied and forced 
their way westward, each tribe of Red Indians was broken and flung on 
the tribes behind it, and the tribes became involved in seething confu¬ 
sion. But nothing of that kind is to be perceived in the accounts of 
Aqga and its kindred nations. On the other hand their possession of 
all the Ganges delta, their extension up the Ganges basin narrowing at 
their furthest limit, their spread along the Orissa sea-board, their occu¬ 
pation of the plains and their slight penetration into the hills—all these 
facts suggest that these nations came from the sea, settled on the sea- 
coast and gradually carved out kingdoms inland. And if their names 
are not really derived from the alleged eponymous brothers but per¬ 
petuate original appellations, no doubt the termination of the names 
Aqga, Vapga and Kaliqga contains some common meaning. 
Third came the invasion of the Prag-jy5tisas. This seems the 
most probable order, because they did not push their way so far into 
India as the Aqgas, &c., and because all the accounts make them out 
to have been a powerful nation from the earliest times, which would 
hardly have been their condition, if they had preceded the Apgas, &c , 
and been driven back towards the hills by them. They must have 
descended from the Mongolian table-lands through the passes along the 
north-east. They held a strong position in ancient times, but gra- 
