148 T. Bomford — Pronominal Adjuncts in the Language spolcen [No. 3, 
6. They are found (or some of them) with the Past tense of In¬ 
transitive Verbs. Thus — 
Ay I, I came. Gii, I went. 
Nikatthe, He came out. Nikatthin, They came out. 
Here too in place of these common forms, we find one (if not two) 
other forms representing the direct ( i.e ., Nominative) Pronoun. 
(a) The first of these is the ending 4 us ’ representing the first 
person pronoun (Singular). 
So far I have only met it in a short story called the Four Fools 
where it occurs some 15 times. 
(1) In connection with the root ha (of the Past Tense of the 
Substantive verb), thus — 
Mai suta pia bans, I was sleeping. 
(2) In connection with various Intransitive Past Participles, 
Thus— 
Nikatthus, I came out. 
Mat bolius, I spoke. 
Mai gius, I went. 
(h.) The second of these is ti or § which represents the 2nd Pers. 
Sing, as — 
Kede gm, Whither didst thou go. 
TS jayS, Thou wast born. 
Jadan til unde sarnhne thill, When you were before him. 
Til vi sakht dukh vie pin., You too have fallen into great trouble. 
There is considerable difficulty in determining whether these 
forms represent a direct, i.e., a Nominative, pronoun or whether they 
are to be classed amongst the indirect pronominal affixes, which repre¬ 
sent an agent or dative. This uncertainty arises from the character 
of the Past Participle of the Intransitive verb. This was I believe 
originally a Passive Participle (just as those of Transitive verbs are 
still), and as a Passive Participle when it took pronominal affixes it took 
them in the indirect forms. Even when expressed independently of 
the verb, they sometimes assume the same construction; especially when 
some other words intervene between the pronoun and the verb. Thus 
we have such a phrase as “Un .. aya ” which is literally 44 By 
him the act of coming was.” 
They are, however, also found constructed as Active Participles, with 
a true Nominative—not an Agent; thus 4 U aya ’ He came : and they 
are found with the direct affixes ; as 44 a-ya,” I came, and 44 ayin,” They 
came. Under these circumstances it is not easy to decide in dealing 
with rare forms whether such represent a Nominative or an Agent. 
