1897.] in the Western and Southern Parts of the Panjab. 149 
Iri the case of the { s ’ form for the 1st person, I am nearly sure that 
it represents a nominative for the following reasons 
(1) It is generally accompanied by the full form of the pronoun, 
thus—“ Mai baith rihus ” I remained seated. 
It is true the full form of the pronoun is found also with the 
indirect forms; as “Mai marium ” which literally is 
“By me a beating was by me but they are rarely used 
in this way, for the meaning of the final ‘ m ’ is well- 
known, and the full form not prefixed. 
(2) There is a clear and distinct form for the agent (or indirect 
affix) of the 1st Person, viz., ‘ m ’; which is found in such 
forms as “ Ayum ” “ Riham, ” and which has a form of its 
own in connection with ‘ ha ’ viz., ‘ haim,’ It was by me. 
The first of these reasons holds good of the 2nd Person form a or o, 
but not the second (except that one friend gave me hafl, as the 2nd Pers. 
Sing, form corresponding to haus, but he could give no examples) ; for 
the Agent form for that is 51 or el, when attached to the Past Participles 
of Transitive Verbs — and, further, these in proverbs or poetry some¬ 
times drop the ‘ i ’ which is the true representative of the 2nd person 
singular. Thus “ Path dito kuwar lot,” You sent the girl. Therefore when 
one finds such forms as o, 8, ft attached to the uncertain Intransitive 
Verbs, it is impossible to say whether they represent an Agent form or a 
Nominative form of the 2nd Person Singular Pronoun. I am inclined 
however to think that, when we have o simply, it represents an Agent 
(with of course a Nominative meaning), for it is the form sometimes 
adopted by the Agent with Transitive Verbs,— but, when we have ft or 
o, I should class it with the direct forms ; for the nasal (which is however 
very uncertain in its coming and going) is a characteristic of the other 
direct form viz. 8. 
It is interesting to notice that * I came ’ may be expressed in four 
different ways. 
(1) Mai aya, (2) Ay§ or Ma! ayS, (3) Ayus or MaT §yus, (4) Ayum. 
7. They are attached to the potential and future roots of verbs to 
conjugate those tenses. The full pronoun may be also (and generally 
is) expressed as well. Thus — 
Potentials. 
1st 
Pers. 
Sing. 
How a 
I may be 
Kar 
a 
a 
I may do. 
2nd 
33 
e 
Thou mayst be 
33 
e 
Thou mayst do. 
3rd 
u 
33 
e 
He may be 
33 
e 
He may do. 
1st 
33 
Plur. 
33 
u 
We 
¥V e 33 3) 
33 
CO. 
U 
We „ „ 
2nd 
33 
35 
33 
o 
You „ „ 
33 
0 
You „ „ 
3rd 
y> 
37 
3? 
in 
They „ „ 
77 
in 
They „ „ 
J. i. 20 
