1897.] 
in the Western and Southern Parts of the Panjab. 
151 
Future which ends in i and requires 
this pronoun, if attached, to he 
marked out by a stronger form than 
the usual i (see examples later on.) 
vl With the root of the past tense 
v§ of the Substantive Verb. 
Here ‘ v ’ is a connecting link. 
6 This is the form taken with the 
S Past Participles of Intransitive 
Verbs, and rarely with Transitive 
V erbs, 
3rd Pers. Sing. ‘ s ’ 
1st Pers. Plur. se This is joined to the root by a 
connecting link, 
o in the South of the country, ah 
in Shahpur. See also the Substan¬ 
tive Verb. 
2nd Pers. 
Plur. 
ve 
This is joined to the root by a 
vhg 
link 5. 
3rd Pers. 
Plur. 
(1) nhe 
The first of these is the com¬ 
(2) 
nhe 
monest ; the third is only the result 
(3) 
ni 
of careless writing; the fourth is 
(4) 
n 
found in the middle of a compound 
word, when some other Agent is 
suffixed. (See instances of double 
suffixes). 
The connecting link may be i or 
a or o. 
Being used for the Agent or the Dative, they carry a meaning of 
“ by ” or “ to ” with, as is the case with the direct adjuncts, generally a 
verbal meaning attached. 
Thus ‘ m ’ means that something “ is by me ” or “ is to me.” 
But they cannot stand alone, they must be attached to something. 
To represent the bare fact that something “ is by (or to) me or thee 
or him, &c„” they attach themselves, as do the direct forms for increased 
emphasis, to some part of the Substantive Verb;—to the root letter ‘ h ’ 
to represent the idea of ‘ is ’ and to the base ‘ha ’ to represent that of 
‘ was ’ thus — 
A. 1st Pers. Sing, h im 1st Pers. Plur. h isse 
2nd „ „ h ei 2nd „ •„ h ivve or h ivlie 
3rd „ „ h is 3rd „ „ h inbe 
V.B.—'Of these the forms for 1st and 2nd Plur. are often used in 
