322 M. M. ChakravartiV— Language aiid, Literature of Orissa £No. 4, 
This predominance for centuries in the political and the trading 
life combined with the earlier and more refined development of Telugu 
considerably modified Oriya in spite of the wide gulf between a Dravi- 
dian and an Aryan dialect. The greatest change lay in the pronun¬ 
ciation. In Telugu every word must end in a vowel; and if it has not 
a vowel ending of its own, u is to be suffixed to the last consonant. 2 
Similarly in Oriya almost every word ends in a vowel or at least in a 
(^) thus differing from E. Hindi and Bengali. 3 In Oriya the Sanskrit 
is pronounced as ru and not ri as in E. Hindi and Bengali. Presum¬ 
ably this selection of u for i is due to the domination of Telugu which 
is very fond of this vowel. Next Oriya is more cerebralised than 
Bengali and E. Hindi the other two daughters of Magadhi; and this 
greater cerebralisation is to be ascribed to Telugu which along with 
the other Dravidian tongues is full of cerebral sounds. 4 In Oriya the 
number of words beginning with a cerebral is comparatively larger 
than in the other two; next the nasal n is uttered with the tongue 
more thrown back and curved; and lastly a cerebral l , as distinct from 
the dental l,. is added to the alphabet. Furthermore the sound h is 
less used in Oriya colloquially rTITPC being reduced to ffT^CT, to W* 
YU? to &c. In this avoidance of the aspirate Telugu might have 
some hand as Telugu is not fond of h. b 
, Further changes on account of Telugu are to .be found first in the 
vocabulary and next in the written characters. The vocabulary received 
several additions, and I think some of these are .^l*T, f%*TT, JTIcT, fl^T, 
In music most of the ragas and raginis were bor¬ 
rowed from Telugu and the Oriya music was up to a late date chiefly 
based on this Dakhini music. The roundness of the written characters 
is partly due to the influence of Telugu; and even now the more south 
one goes, the rounder becomes the letters, and the resemblance to Telugu 
characters closer. . ; 
f (4). The Telugu. rule was followed by the Mahomedan (Pathan 
and Mughal) rule. The latter lasted from 1568 A.D. to 1751 A.D. or 
for nearly two centuries. With the Pathans and Mughals came Urdu 
and Hindi. The influence of Urdu was small. During their rule, the 
whole of the Gurjat States and the greater part of the Puri District 
were practically beyond control, and the Urdu speaking races did not 
r , ' , • - 
t . .. . i j '• - • - 
f • 1 Caldwell’s Grammar of the Dravidian languages, p. 17. 
[2 If, as stated above, the short a in the end of Oriya words is a remnant of the 
Magadhi nominative e , it seems impossible to connect it with this mode of Telugu 
pronunciation.—Ed.]] , ( , 
3 See Caldwell’s Comp. Gram., p. 32. 
4 Do. Do. p. 31. 
* • 
