INTRODUCTORY NOTICES. 
19 
than one defeat, haying eventually to relinquish his design of marching a 
force southward, into Eastern Turkistan. 
But these wars, while they augmented Tse-Wang-Rabtan’s power and 
enlarged his influence, had no far-reaching effects, and failed to embroil 
him with the Manchu Court. The one which was to follow, however, 
roused the Emperor once more, and brought on a series of campaigns with 
China which out-lasted the life of the chief, and terminated only with the 
loss of the Zunghar kingdom, together with its dependencies in Eastern 
Turkistan. The events which led to the invasion of Tibet and the details 
of that expedition, need not be gone into here, as they have no bearing on 
the history of the Khojas. It need only be mentioned, briefly, that the 
Tipa, or minister of the Grand Lama of Lhassa, who had been a protege of 
Galdan’s and a Zunghar partisan, had been attacked and driven out of Tibet 
by one Latsan Khan, the Chief of the Khoshots of the Koko-Nor, while this 
personage is described as a friend, and little more than a tool, of the Manchus. 
Tse-Wang-Rabtan determined to support the Zunghar influence, and sent 
an army into Tibet under his brother Chiring Danduk, 1 who captured 
Lhassa, put Latsan Khan to death and ravaged the country. 2 This was in 
1709 or 1710, and it would seem that the Tibetans appealed to the 
Emperor for succour ; for, some three years later, a combined army of 
Chinese and Mongols was sent quietly westward and appeared in the 
neighbourhood of Turfan. The Qalmaq, though taken somewhat by 
surprise, prepared an ambuscade, cut the invaders in pieces and marched 
upon Hami, which town they captured and destroyed. A war with China 
was thus begun, and Kang-Hi found himself compelled to continue it. In 
1717 he sent forth an avenging force to the same quarter, but it met with 
a similar fate to the first one, and only at a short distance further west. 
In 1719 he sought to retrieve these disasters by means of a third army, 
and this time made Northern Zungharia and the vicinity of the Zaisan Lake 
the objective of his attack. This region was the home-land of Qalmaq 
tribes and was inhabited almost exclusively by them, while on the previous 
occasions, by invading Turfan and Karashahr, the Emperor was striking 
only at dependencies inhabited by an alien people. Though better fortune 
was met with on this northern expedition, the result was far from a con¬ 
clusive victory : indeed from this year forward until the date of Kang-Hi’s 
death (1722), a campaign against the Zunghars, more or less desultory, was 
carried on almost without intermission. 3 
1 Probably the Ta Chiring (or Great Chiring) of the Chinese writers; for tlieie 
were many of the name of Chiring—or perhaps more properly Tsiring. Donduk, it may be 
mentioned, might perhaps be better written Tenduk. 
2 Howorth. I, p. fi43. 
s See Amiot, in Memoirconcernanl lea Chinois, I, p. 333. 
c 2 
