APPENDIX C. 
COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS IN EASTERN TLRKISTAN. 
Colleges and schools are very numerous in Eastern Turlustan, though they are 
devoted to religious education, and only teach reading and writing as incidental to 
that purpose. 
Every founder of a college must provide a building and an endowment in land, 
after which he executes a title-deed which is countersigned by the authorities, and 
makes it over to the Principal or Akhund nominated by himself. 
The following is the usual establishment: 1st, the Akhund' 01 Principal, 2n 
Mudarris or Master; 3rd, a Mutaivalli , i.e., Steward or Manager, 4th, a number 
of Jdruh-Kash, literally “ sweepers” who are hereditary servants or slaves attached 
to the foundation and who perform the menial service of it. 
The Mutawalli collects the revenues of the endowment lands annually, and hands 
them to the Akhund, who divides them into ten shares, which are distributed some¬ 
what in the following manner, viz., to the Akhund and Mudarris four shares; to 
the Mutaivalli one share ; for repairs, etc., one share ; to the sustenance of the 
Jdrub-Kash, and sometimes of the students, four shares, lotal ten shares. 
In the city of Yarqand there are over sixty-two collegiate buildings, of which 
twenty-nine are kept up in good order, while the others are abandoned. I have a 
list of the twenty-nine with particulars of each. The earliest of them was founded 
in A. H. 903 (A. D. 1497). The Ak-madrasa , mentioned in the text, is put down 
in my list as situated in the Altun Mazdr, and as having been founded in 1172 
(A. D. 1661-2) by Khan Khoja; also as being endowed with fifty Patmans of 
land in the townships of Poskgam, Kar gh alik and Yarqand. It is stated that 
no public education is carried on in it now, but that its QazI (?Akhund) takes 
private pupils. Neither the date nor the name of the founder agree with 
the text, so it is probable that Khamosh Khoja’s bequest must have been used 
merely to enlarge an existing college and to increase its endowment (which is 
perhaps indicated in the text by the expression “ widened the endowment lands ”). 
The total endowment of these twenty-nine colleges amounts, according to my 
list, to 3,670 Patmans of land (each Patman being as much as it takes about 
1,000 lbs. of grain to sow), and 198 houses or shops, whose rents form part of the 
revenues. Judging by some whose income is known, the total revenues of the 
Yarqand colleges must be about 400 yambus 1 of silver, or about £6,800 per 
annum. These particulars are gathered from the college title-deeds. There only 
appear to be a little over four hundred students educated at these colleges, a good 
number of them carrying on no education, but merely affording snug retreats for 
the learned, such as they are. 
1 The Chinese Yuan Fao or shoe of sycee silver.—N. E. 
