66 
HISTORY OP THE KHOJAS OP EASTERN TURKISTaN. 
APPENDIX D. 
TRIBE NOMENCLATURE OP {THE QALMIQS. 
The following note on the modern tribe nomenclature of the Qalmaqs, as given 
by themselves, may be interesting as throwing some light on this difficult question. 
There are two grand divisions called by the Turks, respectively, the Sarygh (or 
yellow) Qalmaqs, and the Kara (or black) Qalmaqs. The latter seem to be the 
Eastern Mongols of European writers ; the former the Western Mongols or 
Qalmaqs. 
The following tribes of Sary ah Qalmaqs are in and about the Ila region, north 
of the Tien Shan mountains, but they state that they originally came from Be-tu- 
ddze 1 (or Mongolia) 
1. Chungur (which seems to be the tribe known to western nations as Sunghar 
or Zuughar). 
2. Turghut who live in the south of Ila and have only recently ( circ . 1870-72) 
been driven out of the Yulduz pastures by the incursions of the Tunganis 
or Dungans. The Turghut tribe is said to include (i) the Khosot, (ii) 
the Barluq , who inhabit Tarbagatai, (iii) the Khoiti , who migrated to 
Russia and back again in the last century. 
3. Turbet (? Derlet). 
4. Ckalus (? Choros). 
Then there are two other tribes of more Eastern origin :— 
1. Solan which includes the sub-tribes Bdgliur and JJn-gar (? right and left 
hand). They are said to have immigrated from Saghalan-Ula. 
2. The Shiba or Shibar who also are said to have come from the East (from 
the mountains of Liu-dung or Liuchung? they say) more recently than 
the rest and who now occupy the north of Ila. 
The Solan and the Shibar are said to have been located here by the Chinese in 
the 15th year of the Emperor Ja-Ching, * * 3 for the purpose of overawing the other Qal¬ 
maqs. They are reported to have enjoyed certain privileges, They call themselves 
Manchus and the Turks call them Manchu Qalmaqs. 
The tribes about the Koko-Nor and Sining are also called Qalmaqs by their Turk! 
neighbours. All the abovenamed Qalmaqs are Buddhists and revere the Dalai 
Lama of Lhassa. 
This is, I believe, a Chinese compound, viz., B<?=north, tu— land, daze, (or tha-tse) is the name 
commonly applied to the Mongols. (See Howorth, I, pages 701—2, where tha-tse is put forth as a prob¬ 
able origin of Tartar.)— R. B. S. 
3 Liuo-tung.—N. E, 
3 Kia King or Chia Ching—The fifteenth year of whose reign would be 1810,—N. E. 
